Feminism Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political,...

In the play Trifles, feminism is portrayed by the female characters in the book as well as the male characters. Feminism is defined as: the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (â€Å"Feminism†). The female characters are represented in a way that highlights the best characteristics of females, which in turn gives the reader or viewer a strong sense of feminism. The male characters in the book such as: the police officers and the husband show males in a way that is not favoured by anyone. The play was written in the early 1900’s and it resembled the hardships that females had to face at that time. For example women were discriminated in all aspects of life and treated as lower class citizens. This play is still popular with the female population because some women feel they can still relate to these hardships. Susan Glaspell exhibits feminism through the qualities of men and women, hardships that women face, as wel l as the intuition of women. Undoubtedly, the characteristics of women in the book are virtuous compared to that portrayed by the men. The women are shown to be intelligent, hardworking and observant whereas, the men are represented in a way that is not valued in society. They are shown to be arrogant, stubborn and stupid, which is why they did not solve the murder and the women did. Judith Kay Russell inputs on this situation, â€Å"Glaspell reminds her audience that it still takes three women to equal one man. ThatShow MoreRelatedFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1507 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism has been around as long as women have been. Feminism according to google is the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. So it is basically women wanting to be treated equally. The history of feminism is pretty sketch considering how it was never called feminism until america got a hold of it. But never the less there are definite matriarchal influences throughout the history of the world. A couple of asian cultures were based off ofRead MoreFeminism And Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1686 Words   |  7 PagesIs Feminism? In our world today, feminism has become a recent topic of interest, being discussed all over social media, as well as being represented by various celebrity advocates for the movement. There is such a negative connotation with feminism, and this negative connotation more often than not comes from those who have refused to â€Å"come closer† to feminism.1 Because if you take a closer look, it is not all about women who despise men, or the victimization of women. By definition, feminism isRead MoreFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1529 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism is a term defined as the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. This theory is centered on women living in patriarchal society. During the 1900s life for women differed greatly from the lives of men. Patriarch communities were very prevalent during this time. As a result Susan Glaspell dedicated many, if not all o f her works as dramas describing the restricting view of women living in the early twentieth century. Feminism shows howRead MoreFeminism : The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1694 Words   |  7 Pages English 2 2/29/16 Jane Eyre and Feminism Feminism is defined as the â€Å"advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men† (Oxford Dictionary). In the past century, the standards of what is considered feminism have changed. At the time Jane Eyre was published, feminism per se did not exist yet. In the Victorian Era any actions done by women that went against the norms for women for that time period were likely considered atrociousRead MoreFeminism, The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1391 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism, a word defined as, â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men,† a word that provokes strong feelings of either support or strong hate. (Webster) The people who do agree with feminism claim that it has helped them with their experiences of oppression because they are female, while others argue that it is against men and promotes hostility . While many argue over what feminism really means, the reputation feminism receives from peopleRead MoreFeminism Is The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is the advocacy of women’s rights on grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an advocate for women’s rights. She was involved in Progressive Era reform culture. Gilman, author of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, illustrates in the short story that women can overcome the weight patriarchy puts on them mentally. The narrator’s husband, John, displayed paternal behavior towards her which was belittling. Gilman uses metaphors, specifically personificationRead MoreLiberal Feminists Vs Liberal Feminism992 Words   |  4 Pagesor true equality, however. Although they encourage women to challenge a male dominated society for acceptance as an equal, they do not believe that every one possesses equal ability or an equal right to societal resources (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 5), ergo ‘justice’. Equality for liberal feminists means equal opportunity to work for what they want - to compete with men on equal terms in both professional and political arenas (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 6). As far as equality in the social arena,Read MoreSocial Construction And Its Impact On Society Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesSocial construction Social construction is when words, identities and concepts are socially and historically constructed in a society. In other words, this is when the value and meanings are tied to concepts such as feminity, masculinity, race, class and gender. Hence, this same values and meanings of such concepts change and impact the society we live in. Furthermore, the idea of a social construct is significant in many various ways. For example, social construct helps us understand about feminityRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesall, the push for women s suffrage and rights was strong, but further enhanced by leaders like Alice Paul and Jane Addams. The idea of equal rights for all was further scrutinized and contested after civil rights were granted to former slaves. Women began to push for similar equality as illustrated through the feminist movement. The feminist movement became very large and sprouted subsections, one being a subsection of feminism known as social feminism. This branch of feminism was more interestedRead MoreFeminism And Equality Between Men And Women956 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism and Equality Between Men and Women Feminism, the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (Webster’s Thesaurus Dictionary). Feminist seek to find impartiality between the genders, in not only the work force, but many different aspects of their lives. Feminist are spectated to be individuals who believe in female domination, and that is not precise. Feminist believe that women and men should be treated equal to each other, neither sex Feminism Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political,... Feminism is a term defined as the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. This theory is centered on women living in patriarchal society. During the 1900s life for women differed greatly from the lives of men. Patriarch communities were very prevalent during this time. As a result Susan Glaspell dedicated many, if not all of her works as dramas describing the restricting view of women living in the early twentieth century. Feminism shows how males dominated in society. During the twentieth century women seem suppressed, oppressed, and often times left out when it comes to their marriage. Women during this time were silenced while living under the negative effects of a patriarchal society. Susan Glaspell took a turn for the better when describing the lives and experiences women went through. She made things more critical so that you could take time and think about not only the possible outcome of situations but a deeper view of wh y they occurred. In comparison with life today and the 1900s the play Trifles analyzes and shows different views of the rights of women through the title as well as the characters. To begin with, the title Trifles, if defined would give readers the idea that the play will discuss something or someone who has very little value. Being that the term trifle means a little thing of value or importance. The term trifle meant many things in this play. The duties women had were considered trifle becauseShow MoreRelatedFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1507 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism has been around as long as women have been. Feminism according to google is the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. So it is basically women wanting to be treated equally. The history of feminism is pretty sketch considering how it was never called feminism until america got a hold of it. But never the less there are definite matriarchal influences throughout the history of the world. A couple of asian cultures were based off ofRead MoreFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality897 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Trifles, feminism is portrayed by the female characters in the book as well as the male characters. Feminism is defined as: the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (â€Å"Feminism†). The female characters are represented in a way that highlights the best characteristics of females, which in turn gives the reader or viewer a strong sense of feminism. The male characters in the book such as: the police officers and the husband show malesRead MoreFeminism And Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1686 Word s   |  7 PagesIs Feminism? In our world today, feminism has become a recent topic of interest, being discussed all over social media, as well as being represented by various celebrity advocates for the movement. There is such a negative connotation with feminism, and this negative connotation more often than not comes from those who have refused to â€Å"come closer† to feminism.1 Because if you take a closer look, it is not all about women who despise men, or the victimization of women. By definition, feminism isRead MoreFeminism : The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1694 Words   |  7 Pages English 2 2/29/16 Jane Eyre and Feminism Feminism is defined as the â€Å"advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men† (Oxford Dictionary). In the past century, the standards of what is considered feminism have changed. At the time Jane Eyre was published, feminism per se did not exist yet. In the Victorian Era any actions done by women that went against the norms for women for that time period were likely considered atrociousRead MoreFeminism, The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1391 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism, a word defined as, â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men,† a word that provokes strong feelings of either support or strong hate. (Webster) The people who do agree with feminism claim that it has helped them with their experiences of oppression because they are female, while others argue that it is against men and promotes hostility . While many argue over what feminism really means, the reputation feminism receives from peopleRead MoreFeminism Is The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is the advocacy of women’s rights on grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an advocate for women’s rights. She was involved in Progressive Era reform culture. Gilman, author of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, illustrates in the short story that women can overcome the weight patriarchy puts on them mentally. The narrator’s husband, John, displayed paternal behavior towards her which was belittling. Gilman uses metaphors, specifically personificationRead MoreLiberal Feminists Vs Liberal Feminism992 Words   |  4 Pagesor true equality, however. Although they encourage women to challenge a male dominated society for acceptance as an equal, they do not believe that every one possesses equal ability or an equal right to societal resources (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 5), ergo ‘justice’. Equality for liberal feminists means equal opportunity to work for what they want - to compete with men on equal terms in both professional and political arenas (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 6). As far as equality in the social arena,Read MoreSocial Construction And Its Impact On Society Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesSocial construction Social construction is when words, identities and concepts are socially and historically constructed in a society. In other words, this is when the value and meanings are tied to concepts such as feminity, masculinity, race, class and gender. Hence, this same values and meanings of such concepts change and impact the society we live in. Furthermore, the idea of a social construct is significant in many various ways. For example, social construct helps us understand about feminityRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesall, the push for women s suffrage and rights was strong, but further enhanced by leaders like Alice Paul and Jane Addams. The idea of equal rights for all was further scrutinized and contested after civil rights were granted to former slaves. Women began to push for similar equality as illustrated through the feminist movement. The feminist movement became very large and sprouted subsections, one being a subsection of feminism known as social feminism. This branch of feminism was more interestedRead MoreFeminism And Equality Between Men And Women956 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism and Equality Between Men and Women Feminism, the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (Webster’s Thesaurus Dictionary). Feminist seek to find impartiality between the genders, in not only the work force, but many different aspects of their lives. Feminist are spectated to be individuals who believe in female domination, and that is not precise. Feminist believe that women and men should be treated equal to each other, neither sex

The Crime Of A Juvenile Gang Essay - 1737 Words

A juvenile gang is a group of youth that causes intimidation and commit criminal acts to gain power to be in control. According to a study done by David Pyrooz, a professor at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville Texas, more than one million juveniles in the United States of America is in a gang. The study found 40% of juvenile gangs are non-Hispanic white and the rest is Black and Latino. The study also found, 30% of those gang members were females. Most youth who joins gangs do so around ages 12 or 13, but the peak age for gang membership is 14 and 15years old. Although gang membership is portrayed as a lifelong commitment, the average gang member joins at age 14 and only stays in for about two years. Only 40% of all gangs will allow females to join, and there are approximately 32,000 female gang members. There are many factors why juveniles join gangs, and some of them are because it increases self-esteem, they have access to drugs to either sell or use them, and it gives th e males opportunities to meet up with other young females and have sex. A negative factor is peer pressure. Some factors why females join gangs are sexual abuse and victimization, family dysfunctions, emotional disorders, exposure to violence, and negligence. Some youths parents aren’t in the home, they have nobody forcing them to go to school, and then they start failing which leads to drop outs. Many juvenile gang prevention programs were created in the United States, to provide services toShow MoreRelatedGang Involvement : Membership, Violence, Crime And Juvenile Delinquency3474 Words   |  14 PagesRunning head: GANGS: MEMBERSHIP, VIOLENCE/CRIME AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Gangs: Membership, Violence, Crime and Juvenile Delinquency By Dominique Dillon St. John’s University CRM 119 Dominique Dillon October 22nd 2014 Running head: GANGS: MEMBERSHIP, VIOLENCE/CRIME AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Annotated Bibliography Alleyne, Emma Wood, Jane L., (2011). Gang Involvement: Social and Environment Factors. Crime and Delinquency 60 (4) 547-568. Using the stereotypes of the AmericanRead More Role of Non-violence in Reducing Juvenile Gangs and Crime Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pageslatest violent crimes.   More often these crimes involve children.   Recently two young boys murdered a young girl for her bicycle.   They valued a material object more than a human life.   At some point in their lives they learned it was okay to harm another individual.   No one provoked them and they were not defending themselves.   They acted out of pure selfishness.   Sadly this scenario has become all too familiar over the last few years.   In the past two decades violent crime among juveniles ages 14-17Read MoreContributing Factors to Juvenile Delinquency1620 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency, according to Agnew and Brezina, is the violation of the law by a minor which is any persons under the age of 18 in most states. There are many contributing factors to juvenile delinquency such as domestic issues or stress at sch ool, and there are also four different theories, strain, social learning, control, and labeling, to explain the different prospective of why it is thought that juveniles commence in delinquent behavior. This particular discussion however, is going toRead MoreUnique Juvenile Situations Faced by Correctional Officers1315 Words   |  6 PagesRUNNING HEAD: UNIQUE SITUATIONS WHEN DEALING WITH JUVENILES Unique Situations When Dealing With Juveniles Corrections Professor Sunshine Richards Juvenile crime rates have been a main concern for law enforcement officials throughout the past several decades. â€Å"Over the past several decades, the number of juvenile arrests have been relatively stable except for increases in juvenile violent crime, as murder arrests for juvenile offenders increased by 93 percent during the 1980s and arrestsRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Crimes1437 Words   |  6 Pagestoday is juvenile crime. Today the juvenile involvement in crime occurs for many different reasons in many different places. Ages still in the single digits all the way through 17 are committing illegal juvenile acts each and every day. Some of these crimes are done on purpose and with an intent and some of the crimes are done on total accident. Juveniles all over America in all different places are committing crime today and as you read this there are juveniles somewhere out committing crimes. â€Å"TheRead MoreGANG VIOLENCE AND HARSH PENALTIES1465 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Chen March 20 2014 Gang Violence and Harsh Penalties The presence of gang violence has plagued the United States for many years. Although it is more active in some parts of the country than others, gang violence affects every American: either monetarily as a taxpayer or directly as a victim. Regardless, it is a concern of every individual; therefore, the criminal justice system has been addressing it for years in different ways. The approach of emphasizing harsh punishments has been implementedRead More Juvenile Justice Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pages Juvenile Justice By:Bill In todays society juveniles are being tried in adult courts, given the death penalty, and sent to prison. Should fourteen-year olds accused of murder or rape automatically be tried as adults? Should six-teen year olds and seven-teen year olds tried in adult courts be forced to serve time in adult prisons, where they are more likely to be sexually assaulted and to become repeat offenders. How much discretion should a judge have in deciding the fate of a juvenile accusedRead MoreJuvenile Gangs Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesKaplan College Mr. Templeton August 30.2012 Juvenile gangs have become a serious and growing problem in many areas throughout the U.S. It is unlikely that gang control strategies can be successful as long as legitimate economic alternatives are lacking. I will be exploring the possible proactive solutions to this social problem. Juvenile gangs on the street and in prison â€Å"Violent crimes committed by juveniles are not diminishing, as other crimes, as reported by the Justice Department statisticsRead MoreJuveniles Are Committing Crime Everywhere Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesDescription of the Research Topic Juveniles are committing crime everywhere, but the nation is not aware of the behavior behind these acts of delinquency. No matter how much focus there is on juveniles partaking in crimes across the states, there is little understanding on why they turn to crime and what are the factors that come into play to lead them down this path. Many external factors such as, the environment they live in, family, school, peer groups, and individual self-being can bring themRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And Juvenile Delinquency1610 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, is participation in illegal behavior by minors8. A juvenile delinquent in the United States is a person who is typically under the age of 17 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for persons under 18 to be charged and tried as adults. Juvenile crimes can range from status offenses (such as underage smoking), to

A Study of the Relationship between Organisational Citizenship Behaviours Free Essays

string(70) " different cultural background construct different structures of OCB\." Research Proposal: A Study of the Relationship between Organisational Citizenship Behaviours, Psychology Contract and Organisational Justice: Focusing on the Chinese Workers [Note: This proposal has been reproduced in anonymised from with full permission from the student. It is reproduced using single line spacing to save paper]. Name: Student Number: Date of submission: dd mmm yyyy Word account: 2122 excluding references Contents 1 Research Background 2 Research aim and objectives 3 Literature review 3. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study of the Relationship between Organisational Citizenship Behaviours or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Organisational citizenship behaviours 3. Psychological contract 3. 3 Organisational justice 4 Methodology 4. 1 Questionnaire survey 4. 2 Sample selection and data collection 4. 3 Research ethics 4. 4 Data analysis 5 Timetable 6 Conclusions 7 References 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 1 Research Background Fuelled by increasing globalization and international competition, many enterprises have realised the importance of recruiting, retaining, and managing human resources, which contribute to increasing competitiveness of organisations and gaining sustainable competitive advantages (Nadiri Tanova, 2010). Recently, many scholars and practitioners devote multiple efforts to organisational citizenship behaviours. The reason is that organisational citizenship behaviours contribute to improving organisational performance by maximizing their job efficiency and productivity (Organ, 1988; Wagner Rush, 2000). Jahangir et al. (2004) assert that â€Å"successful organisations have employees who go beyond their formal job responsibilities and freely give their time and energy to succeed at the assigned job† (p. 75). From these perspectives, organisational citizenship behaviours act as an essential role in strengthening organisational effectiveness. Given its importance, this study aims to examine organisational citizenship behaviours of Chinese workers in order to improve research generalizability. Either in academic study or in practice, organisational citizenship behaviours have gained much attention. Hence, many scholars examine and explore the definition, structure, antecedents and consequences of organisational citizenship behaviours. Among all antecedents, organisational justice and psychological contract have received much attention in the field of organisational psychology and organisational behaviours. The existing studies have illustrated that rganisational justice and psychological contract are positively related to organisational citizenship behaviours (Cohen-Charash Spector, 2001; Turnley et al. , 2003). Through surveying samples from United Kingdom, mainland China, France and the United States, Fok et al. (1996) also found that employees with different cultural background had different perception of fairness and organisational citizenship behaviours. Concerning for the difference of culture, it is necessary to examine organisational citizenship behaviours and its antecedents in the Chinese cultural background. At the same time, Hui et al. 2004) point out that employment relationship is different due to different psychological, social, and interpersonal mechanism. Furthermore, the existing studies associated with organisational justice, psychological contract, and organisational citizenship behaviours are rooted in western cultural background. Whether they work or not in the Chinese cultural background has not been known. Therefore, in order to improve research generalisability, this study attempts to identify the effect of organisational justice and psychological contract on organisational citizenship behaviours focusing on the Chinese workers. This proposal is arranged as follows: section two provides research aim and objectives. As such, section three reviews literatures associated with organisational justice, psychological contract, and organisational citizenship behaviours. Section four presents data collection methods. Section five provides timetable. This proposal ends with conclusions. 1 2 Research aim and objectives The aim of this research is to examine and understand the relationship between organisational justice, psychological contract, and organisational citizenship behaviours. To address research aim, the specific research objectives are presented as follows: (1)To examine the relationship between organisational justice and psychological contract focusing on the Chinese workers; (2)To examine how organisational justice affects organisational citizenship behaviours focusing on the Chinese workers; (3)To examine how psychological contract affects organisational citizenship behaviours focusing on the Chinese workers. 3 Literature review 3. 1 Organisational citizenship behaviours The term organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) was introduced by Organ (1977). In 1988, Organ defined it as ‘‘discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organisation’’ (Organ, 1988). Subsequently, Organ (1995) redefined OCB as ‘‘performance that supports the social and psychological environment in which task performance takes place† (p. 95). In terms of this definition, OCB is a part of job performance. The definition of Organ (1995) has gained considerable attention from scholars. According to Bolino et al. 2002), OCB is defined as â€Å"the willingness of employees to exceed their formal job requirements in order to help each other, to subordinate their individual interests for the good of the organisation, and to take a genuine interest in the organisation’s activities and overall mission†. This definition has gained the support of Appelbaum et al. (2004), who defined it as â€Å"a discretionary behaviour that is not part of an employee’s formal job requirement, but – is that which promotes the effective functioning of the organisation†. Based on their definitions, it can be known that OCB is an extra-role bahviour of promoting performance. In this study, the definition of Appelbaum et al. (2004) is used to understand organisational citizenship behaviours of Chinese workers. Concerning for the structure of OCB, there are different perspectives due to different research background and cultural background. In general, the structure of OCB is generalized into two dimensions, three dimensions, four dimensions, five dimensions, and seven dimensions, which I have summarised and presented in table 1. 2 Table 1 structure of organisational citizenship behaviours Reference Two dimensions Smith et al. (1983) Three dimensions Coleman and Borman (2000) interpersonal citizenship, organisational citizenship, and job/task citizenship Four dimensions Graham et al. (1989) organisational obedience, interpersonal helping, organisational loyalty, and organisational participation Five dimensions Organ (1988) altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, civic virtue, and altruism and generalised compliance Contents sportsmanship Farh, Early and Lin (1997) identification with the company, altruism toward colleagues, conscientiousness, interpersonal harmony, rotecting company resources Seven dimensions Podsakoff (2000) and Mackenzie Helping behaviour, sportsmanship, organisational loyalty, organisational compliance, individual initiative, civic virtue, and self development According to Table 1, different scholars present different perspectives. Among these dimensions, the perspective of Organ (1988) has gained considerable attention from scholars. Because of this , different scholars with different cultural background construct different structures of OCB. You read "A Study of the Relationship between Organisational Citizenship Behaviours" in category "Essay examples" At the same time, the Chinese scholars Farh et al. 1997) also build five-dimensional structure of OCB. In order to reduce the effect of cultural difference, this study employs the structure of Farh et al. (1997) to measure organisational citizenship behaviours. 3. 2 Psychological contract The study of psychological contract was originated from Argyris (1960). Psychological contract is used to understand employment relationship between employees and employers. Employment relationship is reciprocity in terms of social exchange theory (Rousseau, 1990). Given its importance, many scholars define and study what is meant by psychological contract. For example, psychological contract is defined by Rousseau (1989) as â€Å"individual’s belief in the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between the focal person and another group† (p. 123). In 1995, Rousseau redefined it as â€Å"individual beliefs, shaped by the organisation, regarding terms of an exchange agreement between individuals and their organisation† (p. 9). This definition of psychological contract has been widely accepted by many scholars. In this study, the definition of Rousseau (1995) is used to understand Chinese workers’ psychological contract. As for the structure of psychological contract, there are different perspectives. The earliest structure of psychological contract includes transactional and relational dimension (Rousseau, 1990), which has gained wide application in academic study. In here, transaction contract refers to â€Å"a set of short-term economically focused attitudes involving limited involvement be tween the parties† (Raja et al. , 2004). And relational contract refers to sustain relationship with organisations depending on emotional involvement or financial benefits (Robinson et al. 1994). Subsequently, in 1995, Rousseau (1995) reconstructed four dimensions of psychological contract, namely transactional, relationship, balanced, and transitional contract. Furthermore, the Chinese scholars Hui et al. (2004) develop dimensions of psychological contract of Chinese workers, namely balanced, relational, and transactional contracts. Therefore, in order to reduce cultural difference, this study employs the dimension of Hui et al. (2004) to measure psychological contract of Chinese workers. 3. Organisational justice Justice in organisations has gained considerable attention from scholars and practitioners. The reason is that organisational justice significantly affects attitudes and behaviours of employees (Cropanzano et al. , 2001). Because of this, many scholars explore and s tudy organisational justice in different contexts. The organisational justice is defined by Folger and Cropanzano (1998) as ‘‘the conditions of employment that lead individuals to believe they are being treated fairly or unfairly by their organisation’’. According to this definition, organisational justice refers to employees’ perception towards organisation, especially for pay and promotion. In this study, the above definition is used to understand organisational justice of Chinese workers. In terms of understanding organisational justice, different scholars provide different types. The earliest study on organisational justice shows that it has two primary dimensions, namely distributive and procedure justice (Greenberg, 1990). In here, distributive justice refers to â€Å"feelings of fairness surrounding the allocation of organisational resources, including pay, bonuses, terminations, or any other resources that an organisation can provide to employees† (Deutsch, 1975). Procedural justice refers to â€Å"feelings of fairness regarding the procedures associated with determining promotions, terminations, performance ratings, bonuses, or anything else of value that the organisation provides† (Thibaut Walker, 1975, cited in Roch Shanock, 2006). In addition, some scholars provide three-dimensional structure of organisational justice, namely distributive justice, interactional justice, and procedural justice (e. g. Bies Moag, 1986). They define interactional justice as â€Å"feelings of fairness concerning for how employees are treated within the organisation†. This three-dimensional structure has gained considerable application in the academic study. Furthermore, Colquitt (2001) provides four-dimensional structure, namely distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice. From these perspectives, there has not consistent findings about the structure of organisational 4 justice. In order to better identify the structure of organisational justice, the scale of Colquitt (2001) is used in this study. 4 Methodology In terms of research objectives, among research strategies presented by Yin (1994), survey is applied in this study, aiming to understand respondents’ actual attitudes, perspectives, and behaviours. In this study, primary data collection methods are employed in order to gain actual information of Chinese workers. 4. Questionnaire survey In this study, questionnaire survey aims to identify Chinese workers’ actual perspectives and attitudes towards organisational justice, psychological contract and organisational citizenship behaviours. The process of conducting questionnaire survey is presented as follows: The first step is to design questionnaires of this study. The questionnaire includes four sections. More specifically, section o ne is used to establish the samples’ characteristics, which includes a series of indicators, such as gender, age, marriage, and tenure. Correspondingly, section two is used to measure organisational citizenship behaviours. In this section, the scale of Hui et al. (1999) is used, which includes 15 items. Section three is used to measure psychological contract which also employs the scale of Hui et al. (2004). Furthermore, section four is used to measure organisational justice which uses the scale of Colquitt (2001). A five point Likert type scale used to assess Chinese workers’ identification degree with each indicator (1=strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree). The questionnaire will be pilot tested with 10 employees from the company and amendments made as necessary. 4. 2 Sample selection and data collection The second step is used to send collection questionnaires. In this study a systematic random sample of employees will be selected from the human resource records of the Company in China which employs 750 people. These records are stored in salary order by department. In order to ensure 95% confidence and a margin of error of 5% I require 254 responses (Saunders et al. , 2009). Assuming a response rate of 52. % (Baruch and Holtom, 2008), this means I will have to administer my questionnaire to 482 employees using SurveyMonkey using work emails. The questionnaire will be administered in Chinese. I have gained the company’s agreement by contacting with human resource department manager. Assurances have been given that all respondents’ information is confidential and anonymous. 5 4. 3 Research Ethics Permission has been given in writing by the company to undertake this research. I have agreed that the data will be anonymised and it will not be possible to identify individuals. In addition, the company name will not appear anywhere within the dissertation, thereby preserving anonymity. Individual respondents will be told in the questionnaire covering letter that their participation is optional. 4. 4 Data analysis The final step is to do data analysis. In terms of the received data, some statistic analysis techniques are used to analyse the received data, such as descriptive statistic analysis, confirmation factor analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. All of these operations will be achieved by using SPSS software. Timetable The timetable of this dissertation is presented below: Table 2 Timetable of this Dissertation March Task Week 3,4 Select topic Confirm questions Research proposal Questionnaire survey Data analysis Introduction literature review Methodology Findings discussions Conclusions and Recommendations Final format and and and entry and research April Week 1,2 April Week 3,4 May Week 1,2 May Week 3,4 June Week 1,2 June Week 3,4 J uly Week 1. 2 July Week 3,4 Aug. Week 1,2 indexing Print, bind submit 6 Key dates within this are: Submission of dissertation: dd mmm yyyy I confirm I have the resources to pay for the SurveyMonkey software subscription. There are no associated travel costs. 6 Conclusions This proposal provides a framework for the writing of this dissertation. In general, research background, literature review, research objectives, methodology and timetable have been provided in this proposal, aiming to better conduct the writing of this dissertation. 7 References Appelbaum, S. , Bartolomucci, N. , Beaumier, E. , Boulanger, J. , Corrigan, R. , Dore, I. , Girard, C. , Serroni, C. (2004). Organizational citizenship behavior: A case study of culture, leadership and trust. Management Decision, 42(1), 13-40. Argyris, C. (1960). Understanding organisational behaviour. London: Tavistock Publications. Baruch , Y. and Holtom, B. C. (2008). Survey response rates and trends in organizational research. Human Relations. 61(8), 1139-60. Bolino, M. C. , Turnley, W. H. , Bloodgood, J. M. (2002). Citizenship behavior and the creation of social capital in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 27(4), 505-522. Bies, R. J. , Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional justice: Communication criteria for fairness. In B. Sheppard (Ed. ), Research on negotiation in organizations, Vol. 1: 43-55. Greenwich, CT: JAI. Cohen-Charash, Y. , Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86, 278-321. Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 356-400. Coleman VI, Borman WC. (2000). Investigating the underlying structure of the citizenship performance domain. Human Resource Management Review, 10, 25–44. 7 Cropanzano, R. , Byrne, Z. S. , Bobocel, D. R. , Rupp, D. E. (2001). Moral virtues, fairness heuristics, social entities, and other denizens of organizational justice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 164–209. Deutsch, M. 1975. Equity, equality, and need: What determines which value will be used as the basis of distributive justice? Journal of Social Issues, 31(1), 138-150. Farh, J. L. , Earley, P. C. , Lin, S. C. (1997). Impetus for action: A cultural analysis of justice and organizational citizenship behavior in Chinese society. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 421–444. Folger, R. , Cropanzano, R. (1998). Organisational justice and human resource management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Graham, J. W. (1989). Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct rede? nition operationalization, and validation. Unpublished Working Paper, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational Justice: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(1), 399-432. Hui C. , Lee, C. , Rousseau, D. M. (2004). Psychological Contract and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in China: Investigating Generalizability and Instrumentality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(2), 311–321. Jahangir, N. , Mohammad, M. Akbar, M. H. (2004). Organisational citizenship behaviours: its nature and antecedents. BRAC University Journal, I (2), 75-85. Nadiri, H. , Tanova, C. (2010). An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior in hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29 (2), 33–41. Organ, D. W. 1977). A reappraisal and reinterpretation of the satisfaction– causes– performance hypothesis. Academy of Management Review, 2, 46–53. Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: the good soldier syndrome. Lexington (MA): Lexington Books. Organ, D. W. , Ryan K. (1995). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48, 775-802. Podsakoff, P. M. , MacKenzie, S. B. , Paine, J. B. , Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26, 8 513–563. Raja, U. , Johns, G. Ntalianis, F. (2004). The impact of personality on psychological Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 4(4), 249–270. Robinson, S. L. , Kraatz, M. S. , Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Changing obligations and the psychological contract: a longitudinal study. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1), 137-52. Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organisations. Employee responsibilities and rights journal, 2, 121-139. Rousseau, D. M. (1990). New hire perspectives of their own and their employer’s obligations: a study of psychological contracts. Journal of organisational behaviour, 11, 389-400. Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organisations. CA :Thousand Oaks. Roch, Sylvia G. , Shanock, Linda R. (2006). Organizational Justice in an Exchange Framework: Clarifying Organizational Justice Distinctions. Journal of Management, 32(2), 299-322. Saunders M, Lewis, P. and Thornhill A (2009) Research Methods for Business Students (5th edition) Harlow: FT-Prentice Hall. Smith C. A. , Organ D. W. , Near J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 653-663. Thibaut, J. , Walker, L. (1975). Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Turnley, W. H, Bolino, M. C, Lester, S. W. (2003). The impact of psychological contract fulfillment on the performance of in-role and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 29(2), 187-206. Wagner, S. , Rush, M. (2000). Altruistic organisational citizenship behaviour: context, disposition and age. The journal of social psychologyl, 140(1), 379-391. Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. 9 How to cite A Study of the Relationship between Organisational Citizenship Behaviours, Essays

Intergovernmental Relation for Role of Federalism in Bridging

Question: Discuss about theIntergovernmental Relation for Role of Federalism in Bridging. Answer: Federalism and sovereignty are two different terms of the government that states about two different features. In federalism, the powers of the government are divided between the central and regional governments. Regional government means the provincial or state government (McMillan, 2016). However, both the powers are diverted in a single political structure. On the other hand, in sovereignty, there is no scope of power division. In this case, all the powers are imposed on a singular hand and there is no existence of other political or provincial government. Therefore, it can be stated that two different approaches are made through federalism and sovereignty. However, question arises whether federalism plays any role in case of acting as a medium in between multiple sovereignties or not. Further, the process of federalism where it has resolved the dispute if arises in between the sovereign states has also been discussed. According to certain critiques of sovereign principle including Eccleston, the origin of the principle has derived from federalism (Eccleston, Krever Mellor, 2017). A close interpretation of the power politics of the world, it can be proved that the powers are basically divided in between the different states of a country and other governmental rules are derived from this theory. According to the critiques, power cannot be confined in a single hand and there are certain problems arise due to this. According to Brenan, the rule of sovereignty gives birth of autocracy and in this system, there is no place for democracy (Brennan, 2016). The government becomes biased due to the same and in most of the cases; it has been obse rved that a sovereign government has failed to perform their duties in a clear way. According to certain scholars, if the states are getting separate power and they can enjoy those separately, problem can be raised regarding the same (Shattuck, Schiavoni VanGelder, 2015). However, in federalism, all the rules are maintained by the constitution. Therefore, in case of any dispute, all the problems are resolved on the basis of federal policies and the interest of all the states are protected. In case to understand the implication of federal theory on the sovereign government, it is required to go beyond the logical incompatibility and the reflection of the theories on the fundamental intuition of political reality should be discussed. Sir Thomas Hobbes was a supporter of the droit politique which means a system where certain legal situation established that made a connection in between the politics and public law. According to the supporters of the sovereignty, all the powers should be laid down under a single hand because there should be no difference in between the public law and private law (Eccleston, Krever Mellor, 2017). According to the political mentality of Hobbes, distinction of powers gives birth to confusion. One authority should capture the power and all kinds of properties are derived from one single source. Hobbes had no faith on the state power as according to him, division of power may produce radical uncertainty. In his book, Hobbes had authored that er uption of commonwealth system forms democratic rules (Williams, 2015). The German reigns are considered as the most significant example of the federalism theory. One of the most reputed people in case of this subject was Georg Jellinek who was a core supporter of the sovereign theory. Different strategies have been adopted in case of federalism. According to this system, the locus of power should be divided into several constitutional actors and certain impacts of this theory have been observed on the constitution of political system (Hueglin Fenna, 2015). According to Montesquieu, delegation of power causes republican rule in a state. According to the supporters of this theory, federalism provides opportunities to the regional state to enjoy their power under the supervision of a central power. According to Rousseau, federalism is neither political nor constitutional principle. It is a concern that provides power to the subordinate authorities so that they can enjoy the monarchial facilities to certain extent. An article regarding the relation in between the federalism and sovereignty has been published in the Yale Law Journal, where it has been demanded that the real sovereignty can be observed in the States of America. According to this Article, the powers of the government in case of sovereignty should be limited in nature (Mulgan, 2017). According to the martial language, a sovereign government should have to look whether any encroachment in the constitutional rights has been made or not. According to the author of the Article, no sovereign power can enjoy the immunity by made a breach regarding the constitutional rights. He has been quoted the fact as under: Guided by emerging principles of agency law and organization theory, the Federalists consciously designed a dual-agency governance structure in which each set of government agents would have incentives to monitor and enforce the other's compliance with the corporate charter. Constitutional powers are playing an important part in both of the cases. It is a well-known fact that a sovereign government could not make any violation regarding the constitution. They have to ensure the rights of the individuals and they could not deny the rights of an individual. There is a probability that in this case, the sovereign character will be diminished and the principle of autocracy will be raised (Tilly, 2017). An intention of the sovereign people can be observed when a requirement has been made regarding the constitutional grounds. In United States, the people are intended to protect the principle of sovereignty and save the people from being victimized by other governmental act. In Australia, the term federalism denotes a theory that is particularly based on constitution. According to former chief justice of Australia Robert French, federalism is a system where different political communities are united within the same territory (Shattuck, Schiavoni VanGelder, 201 5). Certain problems are cropped up when the federal system and sovereign system come face to face as both the political system have certain contradictory features. In the words of Suri Ratnapala (2012), the concept of federalism is deeply rooted in the concept of liberal peace. This statement reflects the Immanuel Kants concept of Foedus Pacificum. According to Auer, the federal constitutions are allowing the sovereign powers to conjoin together with the intention to concoct sub-national politics. One of the most positive aspect of this system is that in sovereign system, the government are not readily accept other rule except their own and certain kinds of parochialism can be occurred in it. According to Brian Galligan, the global environment regarding the governmental system has been changed and interdependency among the government could raise the voice for the federal system. In sovereign system, the provisions of the constitution only restrict the governments and they are not r estricted by any other political medium (Arends, 2017). This system could not be observed in the federal system. However, it can be stated that constitution plays an essential role in both the political system and federal government reflects the rules of integral constitutional ethics. Therefore, it can be stated that federal system helps the sovereign government to manage the governmental policies effectively. In federalism, a proper context of democracy can be observed. The power division feature of the federal system allows different norms from different classes of government within a single political submission. The word multiple sovereignties denote a system where the people from different region believe on their self-governmental rules and they are enjoying the power under the supervision of one central government (Ward, 2016). A federal government is working through the rules consist in the constitution and that rule could not be changed through normal procedure. A division of power can be observed in federalism due to certain reasons. It has been observed that the central and the regional governments are working together and they are enjoying their power independently (Martin, 2016). The process of federalism works as a constitutional process that establishes the unity in diversity. Here the word diversity includes multiple sovereign powers. A close study of the global political sys tem reveals that most of the countries are following the system of federalism and a mass increment in the political arena has been observed due to the same. Through the concept of federalism, the mutual bitterness and hostility can be resolved. The theory of federalism is based on the principle of political unification and integration. During the medieval period, federalism helps to develop the contractual relations between the parties without encroaching their political rights. The theory has modernized during the period of nationalism. Hugo Grotius was one of the chief speakers at that time. The concept that federalism helps to mitigate the political spur between different sovereigns had been derived its origin from the thoughts of Johannes Althusis. Federalism tends to establish the rules of social equality and the political and economical diversities among the states are forbidden in this system (Cohen, 2016). Coordination between several governments can be observed under this t heory and the powers are divided in between the sovereigns fairly. All the rules related to the federal government are based on the constitution and constitution provides substantial powers to the central and the provincial governments. Therefore, it can be stated that the federal system works as a communication medium in between several sovereigns. According to C.J. Friedrich, federal government allows the sovereign groups to enjoy their power independently by imposing certain constitutional limitations on them (Saunders Crommelin, 2015). The system of federalism varies from one country to another. However, the most common feature is that all the provinces are enjoying their respective powers without having any conflict over it. The power provisions in a federal government are governed by the constitution, which should be written and rigid in nature (Lingard, 2018). Robert Garran has defined the term sovereign as political powers and according to him, federalism resolves all the p roblems made between different sovereignties and establish a situation so that they can enjoy independent power accordingly. According to Geoffrey Sawer, social diversities are not specific to the federalism. It has stated in previous occasion that the theory of federation is based constitution. However, the amendment process of the government for the constitution is also different than the sovereign states. In this system, the consent from the sovereign states is acquired and after that, the provisions of the constitution are amended. If any dispute arises in between the provincial government, it has been resolved through constitutional provision and contradiction can be avoided as all the rules are written in nature (Brown, 2016). In this process, federalism maintains a balance in between the multiple sovereignties. Reference: Arends, H. (2017). Equal Living Conditions vs. Cultural Sovereignty? Federalism Reform, Educational Poverty and Spatial Inequalities in Germany.Publius: The Journal of Federalism,47(4), 673-706. Brennan, D. (2016). Federalism, childcare and multilevel governance in Australia. InFederalism, feminism and multilevel governance(pp. 37-50). Routledge. Brown, A. (2016). Federalism in australia revisited: Political history and culture as Forces for stasis and change.Federalism and decentralization: perceptions for political and institutional reforms,235. Cohen, C. (2016). How to assert state sovereign immunity under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.Vand. L. Rev.,69, 761. Eccleston, R., Krever, R., Mellor, P. (2017). 14. Intergovernmental financial relations in an age of austerity: implications for the future of federalism.The Future of Federalism: Intergovernmental Financial Relations in an Age of Austerity, 343. Hueglin, T. O., Fenna, A. (2015).Comparative federalism: A systematic inquiry. University of Toronto Press. Lingard, B. (2018). The Australian curriculum: a critical interrogation of why, what and where to?.Curriculum Perspectives, 1-11. Martin, K. L. (2016). On the Dual Sovereignty Double Jeopardy Doctrine and Eminent Domain. McMillan, M. (2016). Is Federalism being undermined in the current surge to'recognise'Indigenous Australians in (and into) the Commonwealth Constitution?.Indigenous Law Bulletin,8(25), 15. Mulgan, R. (2017). Accountability in Multi-level Governance: The Example of Australian Federalism.MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE, 81. Saunders, C., Crommelin, M. (2015). Reforming Australian federal democracy. Shattuck, A., Schiavoni, C. M., VanGelder, Z. (2015). Translating the politics of food sovereignty: digging into contradictions, uncovering new dimensions.Globalizations,12(4), 421-433. Tilly, C. (2017). Does modernization breed revolution?. InCollective Violence, Contentious Politics, and Social Change(pp. 55-70). Routledge. Ward, A. (2016). PART 2: THE ORIGINS OF MODERN FEDERALISM Introduction to Part 2. InThe Ashgate Research Companion to Federalism(pp. 89-92). Routledge. Williams, J. (2015). Soils Governance in Australia: challenges of cooperative federalism.International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, (1), 1-12.