Feminism Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political,...

In the play Trifles, feminism is portrayed by the female characters in the book as well as the male characters. Feminism is defined as: the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (â€Å"Feminism†). The female characters are represented in a way that highlights the best characteristics of females, which in turn gives the reader or viewer a strong sense of feminism. The male characters in the book such as: the police officers and the husband show males in a way that is not favoured by anyone. The play was written in the early 1900’s and it resembled the hardships that females had to face at that time. For example women were discriminated in all aspects of life and treated as lower class citizens. This play is still popular with the female population because some women feel they can still relate to these hardships. Susan Glaspell exhibits feminism through the qualities of men and women, hardships that women face, as wel l as the intuition of women. Undoubtedly, the characteristics of women in the book are virtuous compared to that portrayed by the men. The women are shown to be intelligent, hardworking and observant whereas, the men are represented in a way that is not valued in society. They are shown to be arrogant, stubborn and stupid, which is why they did not solve the murder and the women did. Judith Kay Russell inputs on this situation, â€Å"Glaspell reminds her audience that it still takes three women to equal one man. ThatShow MoreRelatedFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1507 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism has been around as long as women have been. Feminism according to google is the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. So it is basically women wanting to be treated equally. The history of feminism is pretty sketch considering how it was never called feminism until america got a hold of it. But never the less there are definite matriarchal influences throughout the history of the world. A couple of asian cultures were based off ofRead MoreFeminism And Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1686 Words   |  7 PagesIs Feminism? In our world today, feminism has become a recent topic of interest, being discussed all over social media, as well as being represented by various celebrity advocates for the movement. There is such a negative connotation with feminism, and this negative connotation more often than not comes from those who have refused to â€Å"come closer† to feminism.1 Because if you take a closer look, it is not all about women who despise men, or the victimization of women. By definition, feminism isRead MoreFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1529 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism is a term defined as the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. This theory is centered on women living in patriarchal society. During the 1900s life for women differed greatly from the lives of men. Patriarch communities were very prevalent during this time. As a result Susan Glaspell dedicated many, if not all o f her works as dramas describing the restricting view of women living in the early twentieth century. Feminism shows howRead MoreFeminism : The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1694 Words   |  7 Pages English 2 2/29/16 Jane Eyre and Feminism Feminism is defined as the â€Å"advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men† (Oxford Dictionary). In the past century, the standards of what is considered feminism have changed. At the time Jane Eyre was published, feminism per se did not exist yet. In the Victorian Era any actions done by women that went against the norms for women for that time period were likely considered atrociousRead MoreFeminism, The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1391 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism, a word defined as, â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men,† a word that provokes strong feelings of either support or strong hate. (Webster) The people who do agree with feminism claim that it has helped them with their experiences of oppression because they are female, while others argue that it is against men and promotes hostility . While many argue over what feminism really means, the reputation feminism receives from peopleRead MoreFeminism Is The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is the advocacy of women’s rights on grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an advocate for women’s rights. She was involved in Progressive Era reform culture. Gilman, author of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, illustrates in the short story that women can overcome the weight patriarchy puts on them mentally. The narrator’s husband, John, displayed paternal behavior towards her which was belittling. Gilman uses metaphors, specifically personificationRead MoreLiberal Feminists Vs Liberal Feminism992 Words   |  4 Pagesor true equality, however. Although they encourage women to challenge a male dominated society for acceptance as an equal, they do not believe that every one possesses equal ability or an equal right to societal resources (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 5), ergo ‘justice’. Equality for liberal feminists means equal opportunity to work for what they want - to compete with men on equal terms in both professional and political arenas (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 6). As far as equality in the social arena,Read MoreSocial Construction And Its Impact On Society Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesSocial construction Social construction is when words, identities and concepts are socially and historically constructed in a society. In other words, this is when the value and meanings are tied to concepts such as feminity, masculinity, race, class and gender. Hence, this same values and meanings of such concepts change and impact the society we live in. Furthermore, the idea of a social construct is significant in many various ways. For example, social construct helps us understand about feminityRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesall, the push for women s suffrage and rights was strong, but further enhanced by leaders like Alice Paul and Jane Addams. The idea of equal rights for all was further scrutinized and contested after civil rights were granted to former slaves. Women began to push for similar equality as illustrated through the feminist movement. The feminist movement became very large and sprouted subsections, one being a subsection of feminism known as social feminism. This branch of feminism was more interestedRead MoreFeminism And Equality Between Men And Women956 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism and Equality Between Men and Women Feminism, the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (Webster’s Thesaurus Dictionary). Feminist seek to find impartiality between the genders, in not only the work force, but many different aspects of their lives. Feminist are spectated to be individuals who believe in female domination, and that is not precise. Feminist believe that women and men should be treated equal to each other, neither sex Feminism Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political,... Feminism is a term defined as the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. This theory is centered on women living in patriarchal society. During the 1900s life for women differed greatly from the lives of men. Patriarch communities were very prevalent during this time. As a result Susan Glaspell dedicated many, if not all of her works as dramas describing the restricting view of women living in the early twentieth century. Feminism shows how males dominated in society. During the twentieth century women seem suppressed, oppressed, and often times left out when it comes to their marriage. Women during this time were silenced while living under the negative effects of a patriarchal society. Susan Glaspell took a turn for the better when describing the lives and experiences women went through. She made things more critical so that you could take time and think about not only the possible outcome of situations but a deeper view of wh y they occurred. In comparison with life today and the 1900s the play Trifles analyzes and shows different views of the rights of women through the title as well as the characters. To begin with, the title Trifles, if defined would give readers the idea that the play will discuss something or someone who has very little value. Being that the term trifle means a little thing of value or importance. The term trifle meant many things in this play. The duties women had were considered trifle becauseShow MoreRelatedFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1507 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism has been around as long as women have been. Feminism according to google is the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. So it is basically women wanting to be treated equally. The history of feminism is pretty sketch considering how it was never called feminism until america got a hold of it. But never the less there are definite matriarchal influences throughout the history of the world. A couple of asian cultures were based off ofRead MoreFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality897 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Trifles, feminism is portrayed by the female characters in the book as well as the male characters. Feminism is defined as: the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (â€Å"Feminism†). The female characters are represented in a way that highlights the best characteristics of females, which in turn gives the reader or viewer a strong sense of feminism. The male characters in the book such as: the police officers and the husband show malesRead MoreFeminism And Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1686 Word s   |  7 PagesIs Feminism? In our world today, feminism has become a recent topic of interest, being discussed all over social media, as well as being represented by various celebrity advocates for the movement. There is such a negative connotation with feminism, and this negative connotation more often than not comes from those who have refused to â€Å"come closer† to feminism.1 Because if you take a closer look, it is not all about women who despise men, or the victimization of women. By definition, feminism isRead MoreFeminism : The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1694 Words   |  7 Pages English 2 2/29/16 Jane Eyre and Feminism Feminism is defined as the â€Å"advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men† (Oxford Dictionary). In the past century, the standards of what is considered feminism have changed. At the time Jane Eyre was published, feminism per se did not exist yet. In the Victorian Era any actions done by women that went against the norms for women for that time period were likely considered atrociousRead MoreFeminism, The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1391 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism, a word defined as, â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men,† a word that provokes strong feelings of either support or strong hate. (Webster) The people who do agree with feminism claim that it has helped them with their experiences of oppression because they are female, while others argue that it is against men and promotes hostility . While many argue over what feminism really means, the reputation feminism receives from peopleRead MoreFeminism Is The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is the advocacy of women’s rights on grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an advocate for women’s rights. She was involved in Progressive Era reform culture. Gilman, author of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, illustrates in the short story that women can overcome the weight patriarchy puts on them mentally. The narrator’s husband, John, displayed paternal behavior towards her which was belittling. Gilman uses metaphors, specifically personificationRead MoreLiberal Feminists Vs Liberal Feminism992 Words   |  4 Pagesor true equality, however. Although they encourage women to challenge a male dominated society for acceptance as an equal, they do not believe that every one possesses equal ability or an equal right to societal resources (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 5), ergo ‘justice’. Equality for liberal feminists means equal opportunity to work for what they want - to compete with men on equal terms in both professional and political arenas (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 6). As far as equality in the social arena,Read MoreSocial Construction And Its Impact On Society Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesSocial construction Social construction is when words, identities and concepts are socially and historically constructed in a society. In other words, this is when the value and meanings are tied to concepts such as feminity, masculinity, race, class and gender. Hence, this same values and meanings of such concepts change and impact the society we live in. Furthermore, the idea of a social construct is significant in many various ways. For example, social construct helps us understand about feminityRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesall, the push for women s suffrage and rights was strong, but further enhanced by leaders like Alice Paul and Jane Addams. The idea of equal rights for all was further scrutinized and contested after civil rights were granted to former slaves. Women began to push for similar equality as illustrated through the feminist movement. The feminist movement became very large and sprouted subsections, one being a subsection of feminism known as social feminism. This branch of feminism was more interestedRead MoreFeminism And Equality Between Men And Women956 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism and Equality Between Men and Women Feminism, the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (Webster’s Thesaurus Dictionary). Feminist seek to find impartiality between the genders, in not only the work force, but many different aspects of their lives. Feminist are spectated to be individuals who believe in female domination, and that is not precise. Feminist believe that women and men should be treated equal to each other, neither sex

The Crime Of A Juvenile Gang Essay - 1737 Words

A juvenile gang is a group of youth that causes intimidation and commit criminal acts to gain power to be in control. According to a study done by David Pyrooz, a professor at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville Texas, more than one million juveniles in the United States of America is in a gang. The study found 40% of juvenile gangs are non-Hispanic white and the rest is Black and Latino. The study also found, 30% of those gang members were females. Most youth who joins gangs do so around ages 12 or 13, but the peak age for gang membership is 14 and 15years old. Although gang membership is portrayed as a lifelong commitment, the average gang member joins at age 14 and only stays in for about two years. Only 40% of all gangs will allow females to join, and there are approximately 32,000 female gang members. There are many factors why juveniles join gangs, and some of them are because it increases self-esteem, they have access to drugs to either sell or use them, and it gives th e males opportunities to meet up with other young females and have sex. A negative factor is peer pressure. Some factors why females join gangs are sexual abuse and victimization, family dysfunctions, emotional disorders, exposure to violence, and negligence. Some youths parents aren’t in the home, they have nobody forcing them to go to school, and then they start failing which leads to drop outs. Many juvenile gang prevention programs were created in the United States, to provide services toShow MoreRelatedGang Involvement : Membership, Violence, Crime And Juvenile Delinquency3474 Words   |  14 PagesRunning head: GANGS: MEMBERSHIP, VIOLENCE/CRIME AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Gangs: Membership, Violence, Crime and Juvenile Delinquency By Dominique Dillon St. John’s University CRM 119 Dominique Dillon October 22nd 2014 Running head: GANGS: MEMBERSHIP, VIOLENCE/CRIME AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Annotated Bibliography Alleyne, Emma Wood, Jane L., (2011). Gang Involvement: Social and Environment Factors. Crime and Delinquency 60 (4) 547-568. Using the stereotypes of the AmericanRead More Role of Non-violence in Reducing Juvenile Gangs and Crime Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pageslatest violent crimes.   More often these crimes involve children.   Recently two young boys murdered a young girl for her bicycle.   They valued a material object more than a human life.   At some point in their lives they learned it was okay to harm another individual.   No one provoked them and they were not defending themselves.   They acted out of pure selfishness.   Sadly this scenario has become all too familiar over the last few years.   In the past two decades violent crime among juveniles ages 14-17Read MoreContributing Factors to Juvenile Delinquency1620 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency, according to Agnew and Brezina, is the violation of the law by a minor which is any persons under the age of 18 in most states. There are many contributing factors to juvenile delinquency such as domestic issues or stress at sch ool, and there are also four different theories, strain, social learning, control, and labeling, to explain the different prospective of why it is thought that juveniles commence in delinquent behavior. This particular discussion however, is going toRead MoreUnique Juvenile Situations Faced by Correctional Officers1315 Words   |  6 PagesRUNNING HEAD: UNIQUE SITUATIONS WHEN DEALING WITH JUVENILES Unique Situations When Dealing With Juveniles Corrections Professor Sunshine Richards Juvenile crime rates have been a main concern for law enforcement officials throughout the past several decades. â€Å"Over the past several decades, the number of juvenile arrests have been relatively stable except for increases in juvenile violent crime, as murder arrests for juvenile offenders increased by 93 percent during the 1980s and arrestsRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Crimes1437 Words   |  6 Pagestoday is juvenile crime. Today the juvenile involvement in crime occurs for many different reasons in many different places. Ages still in the single digits all the way through 17 are committing illegal juvenile acts each and every day. Some of these crimes are done on purpose and with an intent and some of the crimes are done on total accident. Juveniles all over America in all different places are committing crime today and as you read this there are juveniles somewhere out committing crimes. â€Å"TheRead MoreGANG VIOLENCE AND HARSH PENALTIES1465 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Chen March 20 2014 Gang Violence and Harsh Penalties The presence of gang violence has plagued the United States for many years. Although it is more active in some parts of the country than others, gang violence affects every American: either monetarily as a taxpayer or directly as a victim. Regardless, it is a concern of every individual; therefore, the criminal justice system has been addressing it for years in different ways. The approach of emphasizing harsh punishments has been implementedRead More Juvenile Justice Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pages Juvenile Justice By:Bill In todays society juveniles are being tried in adult courts, given the death penalty, and sent to prison. Should fourteen-year olds accused of murder or rape automatically be tried as adults? Should six-teen year olds and seven-teen year olds tried in adult courts be forced to serve time in adult prisons, where they are more likely to be sexually assaulted and to become repeat offenders. How much discretion should a judge have in deciding the fate of a juvenile accusedRead MoreJuvenile Gangs Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesKaplan College Mr. Templeton August 30.2012 Juvenile gangs have become a serious and growing problem in many areas throughout the U.S. It is unlikely that gang control strategies can be successful as long as legitimate economic alternatives are lacking. I will be exploring the possible proactive solutions to this social problem. Juvenile gangs on the street and in prison â€Å"Violent crimes committed by juveniles are not diminishing, as other crimes, as reported by the Justice Department statisticsRead MoreJuveniles Are Committing Crime Everywhere Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesDescription of the Research Topic Juveniles are committing crime everywhere, but the nation is not aware of the behavior behind these acts of delinquency. No matter how much focus there is on juveniles partaking in crimes across the states, there is little understanding on why they turn to crime and what are the factors that come into play to lead them down this path. Many external factors such as, the environment they live in, family, school, peer groups, and individual self-being can bring themRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And Juvenile Delinquency1610 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, is participation in illegal behavior by minors8. A juvenile delinquent in the United States is a person who is typically under the age of 17 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for persons under 18 to be charged and tried as adults. Juvenile crimes can range from status offenses (such as underage smoking), to

A Study of the Relationship between Organisational Citizenship Behaviours Free Essays

string(70) " different cultural background construct different structures of OCB\." Research Proposal: A Study of the Relationship between Organisational Citizenship Behaviours, Psychology Contract and Organisational Justice: Focusing on the Chinese Workers [Note: This proposal has been reproduced in anonymised from with full permission from the student. It is reproduced using single line spacing to save paper]. Name: Student Number: Date of submission: dd mmm yyyy Word account: 2122 excluding references Contents 1 Research Background 2 Research aim and objectives 3 Literature review 3. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study of the Relationship between Organisational Citizenship Behaviours or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Organisational citizenship behaviours 3. Psychological contract 3. 3 Organisational justice 4 Methodology 4. 1 Questionnaire survey 4. 2 Sample selection and data collection 4. 3 Research ethics 4. 4 Data analysis 5 Timetable 6 Conclusions 7 References 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 1 Research Background Fuelled by increasing globalization and international competition, many enterprises have realised the importance of recruiting, retaining, and managing human resources, which contribute to increasing competitiveness of organisations and gaining sustainable competitive advantages (Nadiri Tanova, 2010). Recently, many scholars and practitioners devote multiple efforts to organisational citizenship behaviours. The reason is that organisational citizenship behaviours contribute to improving organisational performance by maximizing their job efficiency and productivity (Organ, 1988; Wagner Rush, 2000). Jahangir et al. (2004) assert that â€Å"successful organisations have employees who go beyond their formal job responsibilities and freely give their time and energy to succeed at the assigned job† (p. 75). From these perspectives, organisational citizenship behaviours act as an essential role in strengthening organisational effectiveness. Given its importance, this study aims to examine organisational citizenship behaviours of Chinese workers in order to improve research generalizability. Either in academic study or in practice, organisational citizenship behaviours have gained much attention. Hence, many scholars examine and explore the definition, structure, antecedents and consequences of organisational citizenship behaviours. Among all antecedents, organisational justice and psychological contract have received much attention in the field of organisational psychology and organisational behaviours. The existing studies have illustrated that rganisational justice and psychological contract are positively related to organisational citizenship behaviours (Cohen-Charash Spector, 2001; Turnley et al. , 2003). Through surveying samples from United Kingdom, mainland China, France and the United States, Fok et al. (1996) also found that employees with different cultural background had different perception of fairness and organisational citizenship behaviours. Concerning for the difference of culture, it is necessary to examine organisational citizenship behaviours and its antecedents in the Chinese cultural background. At the same time, Hui et al. 2004) point out that employment relationship is different due to different psychological, social, and interpersonal mechanism. Furthermore, the existing studies associated with organisational justice, psychological contract, and organisational citizenship behaviours are rooted in western cultural background. Whether they work or not in the Chinese cultural background has not been known. Therefore, in order to improve research generalisability, this study attempts to identify the effect of organisational justice and psychological contract on organisational citizenship behaviours focusing on the Chinese workers. This proposal is arranged as follows: section two provides research aim and objectives. As such, section three reviews literatures associated with organisational justice, psychological contract, and organisational citizenship behaviours. Section four presents data collection methods. Section five provides timetable. This proposal ends with conclusions. 1 2 Research aim and objectives The aim of this research is to examine and understand the relationship between organisational justice, psychological contract, and organisational citizenship behaviours. To address research aim, the specific research objectives are presented as follows: (1)To examine the relationship between organisational justice and psychological contract focusing on the Chinese workers; (2)To examine how organisational justice affects organisational citizenship behaviours focusing on the Chinese workers; (3)To examine how psychological contract affects organisational citizenship behaviours focusing on the Chinese workers. 3 Literature review 3. 1 Organisational citizenship behaviours The term organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) was introduced by Organ (1977). In 1988, Organ defined it as ‘‘discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organisation’’ (Organ, 1988). Subsequently, Organ (1995) redefined OCB as ‘‘performance that supports the social and psychological environment in which task performance takes place† (p. 95). In terms of this definition, OCB is a part of job performance. The definition of Organ (1995) has gained considerable attention from scholars. According to Bolino et al. 2002), OCB is defined as â€Å"the willingness of employees to exceed their formal job requirements in order to help each other, to subordinate their individual interests for the good of the organisation, and to take a genuine interest in the organisation’s activities and overall mission†. This definition has gained the support of Appelbaum et al. (2004), who defined it as â€Å"a discretionary behaviour that is not part of an employee’s formal job requirement, but – is that which promotes the effective functioning of the organisation†. Based on their definitions, it can be known that OCB is an extra-role bahviour of promoting performance. In this study, the definition of Appelbaum et al. (2004) is used to understand organisational citizenship behaviours of Chinese workers. Concerning for the structure of OCB, there are different perspectives due to different research background and cultural background. In general, the structure of OCB is generalized into two dimensions, three dimensions, four dimensions, five dimensions, and seven dimensions, which I have summarised and presented in table 1. 2 Table 1 structure of organisational citizenship behaviours Reference Two dimensions Smith et al. (1983) Three dimensions Coleman and Borman (2000) interpersonal citizenship, organisational citizenship, and job/task citizenship Four dimensions Graham et al. (1989) organisational obedience, interpersonal helping, organisational loyalty, and organisational participation Five dimensions Organ (1988) altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, civic virtue, and altruism and generalised compliance Contents sportsmanship Farh, Early and Lin (1997) identification with the company, altruism toward colleagues, conscientiousness, interpersonal harmony, rotecting company resources Seven dimensions Podsakoff (2000) and Mackenzie Helping behaviour, sportsmanship, organisational loyalty, organisational compliance, individual initiative, civic virtue, and self development According to Table 1, different scholars present different perspectives. Among these dimensions, the perspective of Organ (1988) has gained considerable attention from scholars. Because of this , different scholars with different cultural background construct different structures of OCB. You read "A Study of the Relationship between Organisational Citizenship Behaviours" in category "Essay examples" At the same time, the Chinese scholars Farh et al. 1997) also build five-dimensional structure of OCB. In order to reduce the effect of cultural difference, this study employs the structure of Farh et al. (1997) to measure organisational citizenship behaviours. 3. 2 Psychological contract The study of psychological contract was originated from Argyris (1960). Psychological contract is used to understand employment relationship between employees and employers. Employment relationship is reciprocity in terms of social exchange theory (Rousseau, 1990). Given its importance, many scholars define and study what is meant by psychological contract. For example, psychological contract is defined by Rousseau (1989) as â€Å"individual’s belief in the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between the focal person and another group† (p. 123). In 1995, Rousseau redefined it as â€Å"individual beliefs, shaped by the organisation, regarding terms of an exchange agreement between individuals and their organisation† (p. 9). This definition of psychological contract has been widely accepted by many scholars. In this study, the definition of Rousseau (1995) is used to understand Chinese workers’ psychological contract. As for the structure of psychological contract, there are different perspectives. The earliest structure of psychological contract includes transactional and relational dimension (Rousseau, 1990), which has gained wide application in academic study. In here, transaction contract refers to â€Å"a set of short-term economically focused attitudes involving limited involvement be tween the parties† (Raja et al. , 2004). And relational contract refers to sustain relationship with organisations depending on emotional involvement or financial benefits (Robinson et al. 1994). Subsequently, in 1995, Rousseau (1995) reconstructed four dimensions of psychological contract, namely transactional, relationship, balanced, and transitional contract. Furthermore, the Chinese scholars Hui et al. (2004) develop dimensions of psychological contract of Chinese workers, namely balanced, relational, and transactional contracts. Therefore, in order to reduce cultural difference, this study employs the dimension of Hui et al. (2004) to measure psychological contract of Chinese workers. 3. Organisational justice Justice in organisations has gained considerable attention from scholars and practitioners. The reason is that organisational justice significantly affects attitudes and behaviours of employees (Cropanzano et al. , 2001). Because of this, many scholars explore and s tudy organisational justice in different contexts. The organisational justice is defined by Folger and Cropanzano (1998) as ‘‘the conditions of employment that lead individuals to believe they are being treated fairly or unfairly by their organisation’’. According to this definition, organisational justice refers to employees’ perception towards organisation, especially for pay and promotion. In this study, the above definition is used to understand organisational justice of Chinese workers. In terms of understanding organisational justice, different scholars provide different types. The earliest study on organisational justice shows that it has two primary dimensions, namely distributive and procedure justice (Greenberg, 1990). In here, distributive justice refers to â€Å"feelings of fairness surrounding the allocation of organisational resources, including pay, bonuses, terminations, or any other resources that an organisation can provide to employees† (Deutsch, 1975). Procedural justice refers to â€Å"feelings of fairness regarding the procedures associated with determining promotions, terminations, performance ratings, bonuses, or anything else of value that the organisation provides† (Thibaut Walker, 1975, cited in Roch Shanock, 2006). In addition, some scholars provide three-dimensional structure of organisational justice, namely distributive justice, interactional justice, and procedural justice (e. g. Bies Moag, 1986). They define interactional justice as â€Å"feelings of fairness concerning for how employees are treated within the organisation†. This three-dimensional structure has gained considerable application in the academic study. Furthermore, Colquitt (2001) provides four-dimensional structure, namely distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice. From these perspectives, there has not consistent findings about the structure of organisational 4 justice. In order to better identify the structure of organisational justice, the scale of Colquitt (2001) is used in this study. 4 Methodology In terms of research objectives, among research strategies presented by Yin (1994), survey is applied in this study, aiming to understand respondents’ actual attitudes, perspectives, and behaviours. In this study, primary data collection methods are employed in order to gain actual information of Chinese workers. 4. Questionnaire survey In this study, questionnaire survey aims to identify Chinese workers’ actual perspectives and attitudes towards organisational justice, psychological contract and organisational citizenship behaviours. The process of conducting questionnaire survey is presented as follows: The first step is to design questionnaires of this study. The questionnaire includes four sections. More specifically, section o ne is used to establish the samples’ characteristics, which includes a series of indicators, such as gender, age, marriage, and tenure. Correspondingly, section two is used to measure organisational citizenship behaviours. In this section, the scale of Hui et al. (1999) is used, which includes 15 items. Section three is used to measure psychological contract which also employs the scale of Hui et al. (2004). Furthermore, section four is used to measure organisational justice which uses the scale of Colquitt (2001). A five point Likert type scale used to assess Chinese workers’ identification degree with each indicator (1=strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree). The questionnaire will be pilot tested with 10 employees from the company and amendments made as necessary. 4. 2 Sample selection and data collection The second step is used to send collection questionnaires. In this study a systematic random sample of employees will be selected from the human resource records of the Company in China which employs 750 people. These records are stored in salary order by department. In order to ensure 95% confidence and a margin of error of 5% I require 254 responses (Saunders et al. , 2009). Assuming a response rate of 52. % (Baruch and Holtom, 2008), this means I will have to administer my questionnaire to 482 employees using SurveyMonkey using work emails. The questionnaire will be administered in Chinese. I have gained the company’s agreement by contacting with human resource department manager. Assurances have been given that all respondents’ information is confidential and anonymous. 5 4. 3 Research Ethics Permission has been given in writing by the company to undertake this research. I have agreed that the data will be anonymised and it will not be possible to identify individuals. In addition, the company name will not appear anywhere within the dissertation, thereby preserving anonymity. Individual respondents will be told in the questionnaire covering letter that their participation is optional. 4. 4 Data analysis The final step is to do data analysis. In terms of the received data, some statistic analysis techniques are used to analyse the received data, such as descriptive statistic analysis, confirmation factor analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. All of these operations will be achieved by using SPSS software. Timetable The timetable of this dissertation is presented below: Table 2 Timetable of this Dissertation March Task Week 3,4 Select topic Confirm questions Research proposal Questionnaire survey Data analysis Introduction literature review Methodology Findings discussions Conclusions and Recommendations Final format and and and entry and research April Week 1,2 April Week 3,4 May Week 1,2 May Week 3,4 June Week 1,2 June Week 3,4 J uly Week 1. 2 July Week 3,4 Aug. Week 1,2 indexing Print, bind submit 6 Key dates within this are: Submission of dissertation: dd mmm yyyy I confirm I have the resources to pay for the SurveyMonkey software subscription. There are no associated travel costs. 6 Conclusions This proposal provides a framework for the writing of this dissertation. In general, research background, literature review, research objectives, methodology and timetable have been provided in this proposal, aiming to better conduct the writing of this dissertation. 7 References Appelbaum, S. , Bartolomucci, N. , Beaumier, E. , Boulanger, J. , Corrigan, R. , Dore, I. , Girard, C. , Serroni, C. (2004). Organizational citizenship behavior: A case study of culture, leadership and trust. Management Decision, 42(1), 13-40. Argyris, C. (1960). Understanding organisational behaviour. London: Tavistock Publications. Baruch , Y. and Holtom, B. C. (2008). Survey response rates and trends in organizational research. Human Relations. 61(8), 1139-60. Bolino, M. C. , Turnley, W. H. , Bloodgood, J. M. (2002). Citizenship behavior and the creation of social capital in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 27(4), 505-522. Bies, R. J. , Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional justice: Communication criteria for fairness. In B. Sheppard (Ed. ), Research on negotiation in organizations, Vol. 1: 43-55. Greenwich, CT: JAI. Cohen-Charash, Y. , Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86, 278-321. Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 356-400. Coleman VI, Borman WC. (2000). Investigating the underlying structure of the citizenship performance domain. Human Resource Management Review, 10, 25–44. 7 Cropanzano, R. , Byrne, Z. S. , Bobocel, D. R. , Rupp, D. E. (2001). Moral virtues, fairness heuristics, social entities, and other denizens of organizational justice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 164–209. Deutsch, M. 1975. Equity, equality, and need: What determines which value will be used as the basis of distributive justice? Journal of Social Issues, 31(1), 138-150. Farh, J. L. , Earley, P. C. , Lin, S. C. (1997). Impetus for action: A cultural analysis of justice and organizational citizenship behavior in Chinese society. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 421–444. Folger, R. , Cropanzano, R. (1998). Organisational justice and human resource management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Graham, J. W. (1989). Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct rede? nition operationalization, and validation. Unpublished Working Paper, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational Justice: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(1), 399-432. Hui C. , Lee, C. , Rousseau, D. M. (2004). Psychological Contract and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in China: Investigating Generalizability and Instrumentality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(2), 311–321. Jahangir, N. , Mohammad, M. Akbar, M. H. (2004). Organisational citizenship behaviours: its nature and antecedents. BRAC University Journal, I (2), 75-85. Nadiri, H. , Tanova, C. (2010). An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior in hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29 (2), 33–41. Organ, D. W. 1977). A reappraisal and reinterpretation of the satisfaction– causes– performance hypothesis. Academy of Management Review, 2, 46–53. Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: the good soldier syndrome. Lexington (MA): Lexington Books. Organ, D. W. , Ryan K. (1995). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48, 775-802. Podsakoff, P. M. , MacKenzie, S. B. , Paine, J. B. , Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26, 8 513–563. Raja, U. , Johns, G. Ntalianis, F. (2004). The impact of personality on psychological Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 4(4), 249–270. Robinson, S. L. , Kraatz, M. S. , Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Changing obligations and the psychological contract: a longitudinal study. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1), 137-52. Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organisations. Employee responsibilities and rights journal, 2, 121-139. Rousseau, D. M. (1990). New hire perspectives of their own and their employer’s obligations: a study of psychological contracts. Journal of organisational behaviour, 11, 389-400. Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organisations. CA :Thousand Oaks. Roch, Sylvia G. , Shanock, Linda R. (2006). Organizational Justice in an Exchange Framework: Clarifying Organizational Justice Distinctions. Journal of Management, 32(2), 299-322. Saunders M, Lewis, P. and Thornhill A (2009) Research Methods for Business Students (5th edition) Harlow: FT-Prentice Hall. Smith C. A. , Organ D. W. , Near J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 653-663. Thibaut, J. , Walker, L. (1975). Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Turnley, W. H, Bolino, M. C, Lester, S. W. (2003). The impact of psychological contract fulfillment on the performance of in-role and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 29(2), 187-206. Wagner, S. , Rush, M. (2000). Altruistic organisational citizenship behaviour: context, disposition and age. The journal of social psychologyl, 140(1), 379-391. Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. 9 How to cite A Study of the Relationship between Organisational Citizenship Behaviours, Essays

Intergovernmental Relation for Role of Federalism in Bridging

Question: Discuss about theIntergovernmental Relation for Role of Federalism in Bridging. Answer: Federalism and sovereignty are two different terms of the government that states about two different features. In federalism, the powers of the government are divided between the central and regional governments. Regional government means the provincial or state government (McMillan, 2016). However, both the powers are diverted in a single political structure. On the other hand, in sovereignty, there is no scope of power division. In this case, all the powers are imposed on a singular hand and there is no existence of other political or provincial government. Therefore, it can be stated that two different approaches are made through federalism and sovereignty. However, question arises whether federalism plays any role in case of acting as a medium in between multiple sovereignties or not. Further, the process of federalism where it has resolved the dispute if arises in between the sovereign states has also been discussed. According to certain critiques of sovereign principle including Eccleston, the origin of the principle has derived from federalism (Eccleston, Krever Mellor, 2017). A close interpretation of the power politics of the world, it can be proved that the powers are basically divided in between the different states of a country and other governmental rules are derived from this theory. According to the critiques, power cannot be confined in a single hand and there are certain problems arise due to this. According to Brenan, the rule of sovereignty gives birth of autocracy and in this system, there is no place for democracy (Brennan, 2016). The government becomes biased due to the same and in most of the cases; it has been obse rved that a sovereign government has failed to perform their duties in a clear way. According to certain scholars, if the states are getting separate power and they can enjoy those separately, problem can be raised regarding the same (Shattuck, Schiavoni VanGelder, 2015). However, in federalism, all the rules are maintained by the constitution. Therefore, in case of any dispute, all the problems are resolved on the basis of federal policies and the interest of all the states are protected. In case to understand the implication of federal theory on the sovereign government, it is required to go beyond the logical incompatibility and the reflection of the theories on the fundamental intuition of political reality should be discussed. Sir Thomas Hobbes was a supporter of the droit politique which means a system where certain legal situation established that made a connection in between the politics and public law. According to the supporters of the sovereignty, all the powers should be laid down under a single hand because there should be no difference in between the public law and private law (Eccleston, Krever Mellor, 2017). According to the political mentality of Hobbes, distinction of powers gives birth to confusion. One authority should capture the power and all kinds of properties are derived from one single source. Hobbes had no faith on the state power as according to him, division of power may produce radical uncertainty. In his book, Hobbes had authored that er uption of commonwealth system forms democratic rules (Williams, 2015). The German reigns are considered as the most significant example of the federalism theory. One of the most reputed people in case of this subject was Georg Jellinek who was a core supporter of the sovereign theory. Different strategies have been adopted in case of federalism. According to this system, the locus of power should be divided into several constitutional actors and certain impacts of this theory have been observed on the constitution of political system (Hueglin Fenna, 2015). According to Montesquieu, delegation of power causes republican rule in a state. According to the supporters of this theory, federalism provides opportunities to the regional state to enjoy their power under the supervision of a central power. According to Rousseau, federalism is neither political nor constitutional principle. It is a concern that provides power to the subordinate authorities so that they can enjoy the monarchial facilities to certain extent. An article regarding the relation in between the federalism and sovereignty has been published in the Yale Law Journal, where it has been demanded that the real sovereignty can be observed in the States of America. According to this Article, the powers of the government in case of sovereignty should be limited in nature (Mulgan, 2017). According to the martial language, a sovereign government should have to look whether any encroachment in the constitutional rights has been made or not. According to the author of the Article, no sovereign power can enjoy the immunity by made a breach regarding the constitutional rights. He has been quoted the fact as under: Guided by emerging principles of agency law and organization theory, the Federalists consciously designed a dual-agency governance structure in which each set of government agents would have incentives to monitor and enforce the other's compliance with the corporate charter. Constitutional powers are playing an important part in both of the cases. It is a well-known fact that a sovereign government could not make any violation regarding the constitution. They have to ensure the rights of the individuals and they could not deny the rights of an individual. There is a probability that in this case, the sovereign character will be diminished and the principle of autocracy will be raised (Tilly, 2017). An intention of the sovereign people can be observed when a requirement has been made regarding the constitutional grounds. In United States, the people are intended to protect the principle of sovereignty and save the people from being victimized by other governmental act. In Australia, the term federalism denotes a theory that is particularly based on constitution. According to former chief justice of Australia Robert French, federalism is a system where different political communities are united within the same territory (Shattuck, Schiavoni VanGelder, 201 5). Certain problems are cropped up when the federal system and sovereign system come face to face as both the political system have certain contradictory features. In the words of Suri Ratnapala (2012), the concept of federalism is deeply rooted in the concept of liberal peace. This statement reflects the Immanuel Kants concept of Foedus Pacificum. According to Auer, the federal constitutions are allowing the sovereign powers to conjoin together with the intention to concoct sub-national politics. One of the most positive aspect of this system is that in sovereign system, the government are not readily accept other rule except their own and certain kinds of parochialism can be occurred in it. According to Brian Galligan, the global environment regarding the governmental system has been changed and interdependency among the government could raise the voice for the federal system. In sovereign system, the provisions of the constitution only restrict the governments and they are not r estricted by any other political medium (Arends, 2017). This system could not be observed in the federal system. However, it can be stated that constitution plays an essential role in both the political system and federal government reflects the rules of integral constitutional ethics. Therefore, it can be stated that federal system helps the sovereign government to manage the governmental policies effectively. In federalism, a proper context of democracy can be observed. The power division feature of the federal system allows different norms from different classes of government within a single political submission. The word multiple sovereignties denote a system where the people from different region believe on their self-governmental rules and they are enjoying the power under the supervision of one central government (Ward, 2016). A federal government is working through the rules consist in the constitution and that rule could not be changed through normal procedure. A division of power can be observed in federalism due to certain reasons. It has been observed that the central and the regional governments are working together and they are enjoying their power independently (Martin, 2016). The process of federalism works as a constitutional process that establishes the unity in diversity. Here the word diversity includes multiple sovereign powers. A close study of the global political sys tem reveals that most of the countries are following the system of federalism and a mass increment in the political arena has been observed due to the same. Through the concept of federalism, the mutual bitterness and hostility can be resolved. The theory of federalism is based on the principle of political unification and integration. During the medieval period, federalism helps to develop the contractual relations between the parties without encroaching their political rights. The theory has modernized during the period of nationalism. Hugo Grotius was one of the chief speakers at that time. The concept that federalism helps to mitigate the political spur between different sovereigns had been derived its origin from the thoughts of Johannes Althusis. Federalism tends to establish the rules of social equality and the political and economical diversities among the states are forbidden in this system (Cohen, 2016). Coordination between several governments can be observed under this t heory and the powers are divided in between the sovereigns fairly. All the rules related to the federal government are based on the constitution and constitution provides substantial powers to the central and the provincial governments. Therefore, it can be stated that the federal system works as a communication medium in between several sovereigns. According to C.J. Friedrich, federal government allows the sovereign groups to enjoy their power independently by imposing certain constitutional limitations on them (Saunders Crommelin, 2015). The system of federalism varies from one country to another. However, the most common feature is that all the provinces are enjoying their respective powers without having any conflict over it. The power provisions in a federal government are governed by the constitution, which should be written and rigid in nature (Lingard, 2018). Robert Garran has defined the term sovereign as political powers and according to him, federalism resolves all the p roblems made between different sovereignties and establish a situation so that they can enjoy independent power accordingly. According to Geoffrey Sawer, social diversities are not specific to the federalism. It has stated in previous occasion that the theory of federation is based constitution. However, the amendment process of the government for the constitution is also different than the sovereign states. In this system, the consent from the sovereign states is acquired and after that, the provisions of the constitution are amended. If any dispute arises in between the provincial government, it has been resolved through constitutional provision and contradiction can be avoided as all the rules are written in nature (Brown, 2016). In this process, federalism maintains a balance in between the multiple sovereignties. Reference: Arends, H. (2017). Equal Living Conditions vs. Cultural Sovereignty? Federalism Reform, Educational Poverty and Spatial Inequalities in Germany.Publius: The Journal of Federalism,47(4), 673-706. Brennan, D. (2016). Federalism, childcare and multilevel governance in Australia. InFederalism, feminism and multilevel governance(pp. 37-50). Routledge. Brown, A. (2016). Federalism in australia revisited: Political history and culture as Forces for stasis and change.Federalism and decentralization: perceptions for political and institutional reforms,235. Cohen, C. (2016). How to assert state sovereign immunity under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.Vand. L. Rev.,69, 761. Eccleston, R., Krever, R., Mellor, P. (2017). 14. Intergovernmental financial relations in an age of austerity: implications for the future of federalism.The Future of Federalism: Intergovernmental Financial Relations in an Age of Austerity, 343. Hueglin, T. O., Fenna, A. (2015).Comparative federalism: A systematic inquiry. University of Toronto Press. Lingard, B. (2018). The Australian curriculum: a critical interrogation of why, what and where to?.Curriculum Perspectives, 1-11. Martin, K. L. (2016). On the Dual Sovereignty Double Jeopardy Doctrine and Eminent Domain. McMillan, M. (2016). Is Federalism being undermined in the current surge to'recognise'Indigenous Australians in (and into) the Commonwealth Constitution?.Indigenous Law Bulletin,8(25), 15. Mulgan, R. (2017). Accountability in Multi-level Governance: The Example of Australian Federalism.MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE, 81. Saunders, C., Crommelin, M. (2015). Reforming Australian federal democracy. Shattuck, A., Schiavoni, C. M., VanGelder, Z. (2015). Translating the politics of food sovereignty: digging into contradictions, uncovering new dimensions.Globalizations,12(4), 421-433. Tilly, C. (2017). Does modernization breed revolution?. InCollective Violence, Contentious Politics, and Social Change(pp. 55-70). Routledge. Ward, A. (2016). PART 2: THE ORIGINS OF MODERN FEDERALISM Introduction to Part 2. InThe Ashgate Research Companion to Federalism(pp. 89-92). Routledge. Williams, J. (2015). Soils Governance in Australia: challenges of cooperative federalism.International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, (1), 1-12.

Rock N Roll Research Essay Alice in Chains free essay sample

Alice in Chains for years produced many multi-platinum albums. They also became major influences to new music as well as old music, as the drug phase came upon them, they are still seen as inspirations to many as Laymen Staley, the lead singer, is known to have had one the longest suicides In rock and roll history due to the abuse of drugs. Alice in Chains was one of the biggest bands to emerge from the grunge scene; Rolling Stone magazine acclaimed them as one of the four horseman of grunge (Rolling). The other three were Nirvana, Soundboards, and Pearl Jam.Alice in Chains went multi-platinum off every studio album hey had produced, they also hold the record for having the first PEP to hit number one on the billboards (Rolling). However, billboard spots were just the tip of the iceberg, they had numerous Grammar nominations; individually every studio album produced with new Alice in Chains tracks have reached platinum at least once. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock N Roll Research Essay Alice in Chains or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There top selling album, entitled Dirt, has sold over 4 million copies. The album ironically made its success due to the power of Alice in Chains hardships and struggles with drugs, as most of the album tracks were heroin related.The album was often described as a concept album about heroin (Edge). After the success of Dirt, the band was at its prime soon after releasing their number one billboard PEP, Jar of Flies. Furthermore, in 1995, Alice in Chains would release their last studio album to date, entitled Alice in Chains. Despite the lack of touring, and support throughout the small portions of it, the album had still reached a multi platinum status as it sold over two million copies (Wick). With such a drastic climbing fan base, they had inspired the grunge scene in Seattle greatly. Alice in Chains was influenced by a lot of music. They cited there major influences from Led Zeppelin to Black Sabbath, and of course Metallic (Alice). Ironically, after Alice in Chains had unofficially disbanded, Metallic cited Alice in Chains as a major influence for their album SST. Anger (Metallic). Metallic loved the sound of Alice in Chains, and had planned to tour with them in the summer of 1994 along side with Suicidal tendencies. However, due to the re-occurring drug addiction of Laymen Staley (Lead Singer/Creator) they had to cancel their tour.Additionally, Alice in Chains had their own strict sound; they were often described as grunge, hard rock, and alternative. However, Jerry Central, the lead guitarist, described the bands primary sound as heavy metal with a mixture of blues, rock and roll, and a touch of punk. This sound was a huge influence to many newer bands; some of the major ones who have listed Alice in Chains as a musical influence are bands such as Godsends, Knickknack, Puddle of Mud, Creed, and Stains. Sully Erne, lead singer of Godsends, has cited Laymen Staley as his primary influence for music.Stains covered some of their songs live and also created song called Laymen as a dedication to his memory (Wisped). Unfortunately, Alice in Chains had a rumor following them that there was major drug abuse within the band, mainly Laymen Staley. Although the band did deny these accusations, the rumors were of course true (Edge). As Alice in Chains was based out of Seattle, at the time, the drug of choice, heroin, was all the rage. Even though Laymen was committing major drug abuse, he was not the only one within the band who had substance abuse problems.As Alice in Chains became more and more famous, there drug diction was being fed as well. As the band was reaching an overwhelming fan base and media attention with the album Dirt, the band was reaching Its peak as drug abuse became a major issue among the band members. With an unlimited amount of money, obtaining drugs for the band was as common as daily chores. Furthermore, the band members did have the right intentions of coming clean, but Laymen just could not kick the habit.Rumor has it that Laymen once took 14 stints at rehab just to try to go on tour clean (Hoodwinker). On tour, Mike Starr, the bass player, would bring his heroin addicted father with him So they could shoot up together and chase Women. Laymen, now having a proper touring bus, still choose to bring his old beat up Volkswagen on tour, so he and his girlfriend could shoot up together off- stage. Sure enough being around drugs so much, Laymen eventually pressured Mike one day into trying heroin and that was the start of his addiction as well.As Lanes drug addiction got worse and worse, the band was unable to function without him and they unofficially disbanded. Lanes girlfriend died from bacterial indoctrination, a common death among heroin addicts, in 1996 Alice in Chains). Laymen was more depressed then ever and he shunned himself from society. As drugs certainly did kill Alice in Chains; with being known for having the only PEP ever to hit #1 on the billboards (Rolling), and then suddenly deciding to not go on tour or release anything but greatest hit albums, the band had nothing left.Regrettably, Laymen Staley had decided to block himself off from society, and on April 19th of 2002, his accountants had noticed tha t his account activity had stopped. Police were called and had found Laymen dead on his ouch, he had been there for days, they dont know exactly when he died but they believe it to be on April 5th, which ironically just so happens to be the same day Kurt Cabin killed himself only 8 years later (Rolling).Lanes addiction is known to be one of the longest suicides in rock and roll, and as everyone could see the potential of this band, everyone certainly did their best to try to keep the band members clean, but sadly their addictions led to succession in their music which ultimately allowed for them to have an unrestrained addiction. Once Laymen was dead, that was the end of Alice in Chains for good, however you can only wonder how far this band could have really gone?

Idioms for Fabric and Other Materials

Idioms for Fabric and Other Materials Idioms for Fabric and Other Materials Idioms for Fabric and Other Materials By Mark Nichol Words for various materials used in clothing have been applied to various descriptive terms and idiomatic expressions, including those described below. Cotton-picking is a euphemism to express anger or frustration. To cotton to something is to take a liking to it or to come to an understanding of it (the phrasing can also be â€Å"cotton on to†), and to cotton up to someone is to flatter. Meanwhile, to be in high or tall cotton is to be successful (from the notion of a cotton planter walking among large plants). Dyed-in-the-wool is an adjective meaning â€Å"set in one’s ways,† from the practice of dying wool fibers before they are spun into thread so that the dye is more durable. To pull the wool over someone’s eyes (a reference to a wig made of wool) is to deceive them, to wrap them up in cotton wool is to be overprotective (with the connotation of swaddling someone as if they were a baby), and to live in cotton wool is to live a protected life. To woolgather, meanwhile, is to daydream; the idiom stems from the seemingly aimless act of collecting bits of wool on bushes and fences. â€Å"All wool and a yard wide† and â€Å"all wool and no shoddy† both denote an honorable person or something of high quality. Various other expressions including wool, including â€Å"all cry and no wool† â€Å"great cry and little wool,† and â€Å"more cry than wool,† allude to much attention given to something of little significance. â€Å"Go hell for leather† or â€Å"go hell-bent for leather† means â€Å"act quickly† or â€Å"act recklessly.† (The leather in question originally referred to a saddle, with the notion of riding a horse quickly or recklessly.) â€Å"Tough as (shoe) leather† refers figuratively to physical fortitude or literally to something resembling leather, as a cut of meat. Leathery may describe something akin to leather in appearance or texture, as to skin roughened by exposure to the elements, and someone who is leather lunged has a very loud or strong voice, while the phrase â€Å"as ever trod shoe leather† is a more colorful way of saying â€Å"as ever lived† or â€Å"as ever walked the earth† following a compliment (or denigrating remark) in order to intensify it. Lacy describes something resembling lace, such as a dew-drenched spider web or a delicate coating. To lace is not only to thread or trim but also to add a color, flavor, or other quality to something or otherwise enhance it. Silky describes fluid or smooth movement or texture, and â€Å"smooth as silk† describes something or someone delicate in demeanor or texture. The expression â€Å"You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear† means that something refined cannot be produced from rough materials, while â€Å"silk-stocking district† connotes an affluent neighborhood, from the fact that at one time, only the wealthy could afford such items. To hit the silk, meanwhile, is to parachute from an airplane (an allusion to the material used for the parachute). Satiny also suggests smoothness. Meanwhile, the smooth, plush texture of velvet, which is made of one of several fabrics, is suggested with the adjective velvety. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesSit vs. Set

Analysis of ICT market in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of ICT market in UK - Essay Example The Vodafone and Telefonica-O2 were newly licensed in the same Conservative government. It produced the far-reaching variations in ICT sector of UK. It stimulated the competition and enabled the mobile manufacturing companies to make the innovative products. During the same time, Asian and Eastern Europe countries had become capable to compete in manufacturing the electronic products in market. In reply to this electronic growth, ICT sector of UK concentrated on the software services. ICT sector was much focused to develop the new software instead of making the new hardware. ICT industry in UK is concentrated with most famous fifty companies of the world. On other hands, there are 95000 small level firms. The smaller firms are micro-business with fewer than ten employees. Software design, IT management, IT consultancy, IT reselling and distribution are key activities of ICT market in UK. This paper is focused upon the market analysis of ICT market in United Kingdom. ICT market analysis in the perspective of sub-sectors particularly education and why small medium enterprises (SMEs) are slower in full adoption of ICT in UK? Along with this impacts of ICT on education sector of UK has been also analyzed. Literature review is aimed to summarize ICT market analysis in UK. Market analysis allows seeing the technology impacts on different sectors varying from education to SMEs for their businesses. Review will help to identify the areas, where ICT has impacted positively and investigate the areas which are less or negatively impacted. The ICT market as a whole in UK is most attractive for foreign companies to invest in ICT goods and services. UK’s legal framework is supportive for business in ICT sector. Increased appetite of consumers in UK for technology supports the build up and growth of UK’s marketplace (UK Trade & Investment, 2009). In a report   Middleton (2014) identified that a strong link existed

Market research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market research - Essay Example Henneberg (13) explores the challenges that have been faced by the US during the past decade make it a vital responsibility of the voters to bring about positive change as believed by everyone in the states. Thus, in the research, all these factors among other political reasons will be looked into in the subsequent sections. In the US, the race has always been between two parties, democrats and republicans. The democrat, incumbent president barrack Obama has been on the spot for various reasons against the republican mitt Romney, a white. O n the other hand, mitt has suffered blows in some of the Obama reactions to his allegations that bring him out in a negative way. Considering the ongoing campaigns, Obama tries to defend his seat by convincing them to add him more time to realize his impact but the opposition accuses him of not having utilized his term in office as expected and that he is a disappointment. These impacts on a significant number of voters differently thereby influen cing their probable choice the elections that are yet to come. Some of the significant states have chosen Obama over mitt Romney although by a slight margin. Data results by union times indicate that Obama is still leading in Florida, Ohio and Washington which are key regions in determining the final outcome. The choice of words has been giving mitt a major blow while it works well with Obama who is a better orator and has better choice of words to counter his rival. Race comes in as one of the dictators of the winner of the forthcoming elections. There are slightly more non white voters as there are white voters in the US. This indicates on how tricky it maybe for mitt considering that he is white while Obama is not. However, race in this case may not come in as plane as it is but as a redefinition considered as stereotype (Lipstz 76). Whites are the most likely to be adversely affected by this as the non whites may want to use the opportunity to prove that America belongs to all. As such, they will vote for Obama not because they like him but because they would like to have an alternative race other than white. The whites, on the other hand, may not vote for Obama considering that he has served for one term, and all did not go well with them since non whites have infiltrated and dominated America. This can be supported by the current demonstrations by some whites labeled â€Å"take back America.† most whites feel that America belongs to them so should be the leadership positions. However, this will be outbalanced by the relatively large numbers of the non whites who reason along the same line but to the opposite direction. The economic factors have been a major concern for the Americans since the world’s major economic meltdown that negatively affected the Americans during president Obama’s term. Mitt has at some point picked this as a campaign basis where he blames the Obama administration for the bad situation that befell the Americans . Obama, on the other hand, gives defensive reasoning of the same in an attempt to win the trust that he already lost. The trick in this case for him is that the government has had the issues to do with taxation and payment of bills. The other policy that acts as an indicator of the most likely winner of the election is the foreign policy that has been linked with the history. Obama successfully ended the war in Afghanistan and Iraqi but

Should the U.S. reinstitute corporal punishment Essay

Should the U.S. reinstitute corporal punishment - Essay Example Corporal punishment is diminutive of personal respect to each person. I believe that each person in entitled to a respect of his dignity. And this type of punishment is unacceptable. According to research, corporal punishment has not been effective as means of instilling morals and solving social problems. This type of punishment threatens the physical well being of a person. According to research, corporal punishment also results in depression, anxiety, stress and other emotional related problems. In the bible, there are conflicting provisions when it comes to corporal punishment. According to Robinson (2005), there are passages that contain or recommend the use of the physical pain to discipline children. One of these passages can be found in Prov 22:14 which states that â€Å"Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell (Shoel).† Some of those conservative Christians or followers of the Bible require parents to use corporal punishment. However, the so-called Golden Rule is telling us another point. Jesus always teaches us the theme to treat others as you would wish to be treated. But who wants to be paddled, spanked or whipped? Every person does not like to be inflicted with pain.

African Socialism: Analysis of Ujamaa

African Socialism: Analysis of Ujamaa MAJOR THEMES IN AFRICAN POLITICAL THOUGHT LECTURER: FRED OTIENO STUDENT: CHRIS MUGO NDIRANGU QUESTION What is African Socialism (Ujamaa)? Citing concrete examples from around Africa, examine why this ideology has faced immense opposition. INTRODUCTION African Socialism is an ideology that can be traced to the 1950s and 1960s when most African countries were attaining their independence. The ideology was propounded by African leaders in independent Africa who sought to ground their states in this ideology they believed would achieve the goals and aspirations of independence. The proponents of the ideology sought to differentiate it from other forms of socialism that existed across the world at the time, particularly Marxist-Leninist strands of socialism. African socialism can therefore be defined as a belief in sharing of economic resources in a traditional African way. It is however prudent to accept that the interpretations and definitions of African socialism differ as it is not the brainchild of a single thinker. According to Freidland (1964) : African Socialism differs in that no single leader has been distinctively and uniquely associated with the ideology. Rather the ideology of African Socialism has been the product of diverse leaders operating within the variety of exigencies in their own countries, which helps to account for the lack of development of a unified theory. (p. 2) African socialism can be said to be an indigenous attempt by various African leaders to develop a distinctive â€Å"African† path of economic and political development. It advocates for a return to traditional African values practiced before colonization. As mentioned above African socialism is a product of different leaders. Therefore to understand African socialism we must study the leaders and their works which collectively contributed to this ideology. These leaders implemented this ideology in their respective countries. Some were successful while others were not. The ideology as will be explained in this paper faced immense opposition hindering its full adoption. CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICAN SOCIALISM Though the African Socialist leaders had their own distinct views on African socialism various characteristics of African socialism can be drawn. According to Martin (19) the socialist leaders’ conception of African socialism had the following common characteristics: Ideology and practice are inextricably linked Politics has supremacy over the economy Socialism is not a sacred dogma but a guide to action African socialism is a socialism building on and adapted to African indigenous values, culture, traditions and society The people are the main agents and ultimate beneficiaries of socialist development African socialism aims at creating ‘a new man’ The single party operates according to the Marxist-Leninist principle of Democratic Centralism, which institutionalizes communication between the leadership and the rank-and-file of the party, with ultimate decision-making power resting with the highest executive organ of the party. Collective decision making is based on collective deliberation and consensus State has control over the economy Furthermore (Batsa, 1965) has summarised some six basic characteristics of African Socialism: It ignores the power of monopoly capital. It accepts the mixed economy as a permanent feature of socialism. It denies the existence of classes in Africa and advances the idea of the neutral state. It advocates a multi-party system where possible, or a single party open to all, irrespective of beliefs, with a specific denial of any vanguard role The African element of the theory consists of a romantic interpretation of our traditional morals and culture Positive non-alignment is treated as neutrality Several African countries on attaining independence sought to establish declarations or policy documents that sought to clearly stipulate the ideology they adopted. In the context of African socialism, very few countries had clear and concrete policy documents on African socialism. Notable among these countries is Kenya and Tanzania that formulated policies or declarations with regards to African Socialism. Tanzania in 1967 formulated the Arusha Declaration a document written by socialist leader Julius Nyerere for the ruling party the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). In this declaration it is clearly stated that ‘The policy of TANU is to build a socialist state’. It further goes on to lay down certain socialist principles it seeks to implement in Tanganyika. In Part two of the document lay The Policy of Socialism. The fist element in this policy is absence of exploitation. The declaration states that in a socialist state all people are workers and in which neither capitalism nor feudalism exists. It believes in a classless society where there is no one exploits another. Every worker receives a just return for their labour. However the declaration points out the fact that Tanzania still has elements of feudalism and capitalism that are remnants of colonialism. The second element is that the major means of production and exchange are under the control of the peasants and workers. The declaration stipulates that this should be done through the machinery of their Government and their co-operatives. The third element is the existence of democracy. This element requires that the government should be chosen and led by the peasants and workers themselves. Finally is that socialism is a belief. The declaration states that socialism is a way of life. A socialist society can only come into existence if i t is built by those who believe in and practice the principles of socialism. The declaration believes that the successful implementation of socialist objectives depends very much up to the leaders. On the other hand Kenya in 1965 produced a sessional paper which outlines in detail both the theory of democratic African Socialism and its practical application in Kenya. The president in introducing this paper states that, ‘we rejected both Western Capitalism and Eastern Communism and chose for ourselves a policy of positive non-alignment.’’ Thus the Kenyan government fully adopted the African socialism philosophy. The sessional paper goes on to outline the operating characteristics of African socialism. They are: Political democracy Mutual social economic responsibility Various forms of ownership A range of controls to ensure that property is used in the mutual interests of society and its members Diffusion of ownership to avoid concentration of economic power Progressive taxes to ensure an equitable distribution of wealth and income The above characteristics are evident in the various works of the African Socialist leaders. The understanding of their concept of African socialism is enhanced by looking critically at the individual African socialist leaders and their ideas and perception of African socialism. AFRICAN SOCIALIST LEADERS JULIUS NYERERE Julius Nyerere was the founding father of Tanganyika and later on Tanzania. He comes up with his own form of socialism known as Ujamaa a Swahili term for family hood and brotherhood. Ujamaa become the official policy of Tanzania in 1967 following the Arusha Declaration. According to Nyerere socialism is an attitude of mind and not strict compliance to a standard or set political pattern (Nyerere, 1977) . Nyerere emphasised on brotherhood or family hood where people view each other as brothers and sisters or as members of one family. Nyerere argues that social institutions and organisations cannot by themselves achieve the purpose of socialism. These institutions can only do so if they are infused with the spirit of brotherhood and care for one another. Nyerere believed that Ujamaa differed from other strands of socialism in that the foundation of the philosophy was to be found in African culture and traditions. Furthermore Ujamaa was opposed to capitalism and scientific socialism or Marxism which legitimizes class conflicts. Nyerere went further to elaborate on the practices of Ujamaa. The first is love where an African doesn’t regard his brethren as another enemy. An African regards all men as his brethren as members of his extended family. People in African Societies cared for one another. Secondly, Nyerere argues that their existed a classless society in Africa. Classes were only brought as a result of the agrarian and industrial revolution. These events produced conditions that brought about a class system. Since these revolutions did not occur in Africa, therefore no classes existed in Africa. Thirdly Nyerere believed that in traditional Africa everyone was a worker. Everyone contributed his or her fair share of efforts towards the production of societal wealth. There was no place for laxity or laziness. Finally Nyerere maintained that wealth was shared in traditional Africa. No one could hide wealth or amass it for personal selfish reasons. The riches or the poverty of an individual or famil y were the wealth or poverty of the whole community at large. KWAME NKRUMAH Kwame Nkrumah’s ideas on African socialism were different from those of Julius Nyerere. Indeed the two showed criticised each other on their perceptions of African socialism. Nkrumah in his own admission subscribed to scientific socialism and described it as the only true socialism. According to (Martin, 2012) Nkrumah viewed African socialism as a means of not only liberating the people from the shackles of imperialism but also empowering the people politically, economically, socially and culturally after independence. Nkrumah believed that the following were the tenents of African socialism; Common ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange Planned methods of production by the state, based on modern industry and agriculture Political power in the hands of the people in keeping with the humanist and egalitarian spirit which characterized African traditional society Application of scientific methods in all spheres of thought and production AHMED SEKOU TOURE Toure’s concept and ideas on African socialism was similar to that of Nkrumah. The two had a strong friendship that was evident when he granted Nkrumah asylum when he was overthrown by a military coup in 1966. Toure led an authoritarian regime in Guinea that was strongly oppressive. He arrested over a thousand people who simply opposed his regime. Prominent intellectuals and cadres were jailed, tortured and executed. Sekou Toure’s was more grounded in the Marxist-Leninist education as compared to Nkrumah. He had a great interest in the writings of Mao Tse-tung as well as other Marxist philosophers. Initially during the first decade of his rule, he refused to launch the country into clear path to socialism. He downplayed the role of ideology in the construction of a new society. He adamantly refused to choose between capitalism and socialism. He argued that certain strange theories had little to do with the crucial tasks facing the country. However during the Eighth National Congress of the PDG (the ruling party of Guinea) in 1967, Sekou Toure officially launched Guinea on to a path to socialism. Sekou Toure prescribed to scientific socialism from which he derives the meaning of socialism from. That is socialism is expressed by the effective exercise of political, economic and cultural power by the working people. Toure however was for a socialist ideology adapted to African realities. He preferred the term â€Å"communaucratic’’ instead of African socialism. He believed that African life is communal characterized by collective life and social solidarity. An Afric an cannot organize his life outside that of his social group-family, village or clan. Finally Toure believes in the supremacy of politics over the economy. In this regard he was heavily influenced by the Marxist-Leninist ideology on the roles of the state and the party in the creation of institutions designed to translate socialist ideas into practice (Martin, 2012). Toure believed that the ruling party was the definer of the general interest, the custodian of the popular will and the incarnation of the collective thought of the whole Guinean people. The basic aim of Toure’s socialism is alter the relationship between human beings. This is done by decolonizing their viewpoints and attitudes and by creating a new man freed from a system of capitalistic exploitation and participating with all his strength in the development of his nation. MODIBO KEITA He was the first president of Mali. He led the Nation on a path to socialism, both politically and economically. In 1960 the countries single party, the Union Soudanaise RDA (US-RDA) decided to set the country on a socialist path to development. Keita’s priority was to build a new society aimed at the political, economic, social and cultural empowerment of Mali’s popular masses. Keita firmly believed that a type of socialism adapted to the conditions of Mali would be the best tool to achieve this goal. Mali’s socialism was characterized by the following features; A socialism based on agricultural workers and peasants rather than on a nonexistent proletariat A vibrant private sector encouraged to contribute to national development Respect of the Malian spiritual and religious values Modibo Keita argued that socialism cannot be adopted wholesale; it must be adapted to the specific socio-cultural context of Mali. Keita elaborated that Africa has its own values, its own history. Africa thus can solve its own problems within the African context using African methods. Malian socialism was also grounded in universal human values. Keita argued that socialism cannot be reduced to purely economic or social concerns. Its goal is man itself in its material, moral, spiritual and cultural dimensions. The African man must be open to all kinds of experiments. Keita considered socialist planning necessary to achieve the primary goal of improving the living conditions of the majority of the people, which in Mali were the peasants. He focused on the development of agriculture through an elaborate network of rural cooperatives, down to the village level. Keita also embarked on the complete overhaul of Mali’s educational system to be consistent with Mali’s rich cultural heritage. The above leaders contributed significantly to African socialism. They sought to implement their socialist ideas and concepts in their countries. Some were successful to some extent while others failed. Case in point is Kwame Nkrumah who was overthrown in a military coup. OPPOSITION TO AFRICAN SOCIALISM African socialism as an ideology faced immense opposition as an ideology. This is because of the various cons associated with the ideology. These disadvantages or flaws in the ideology brew dislike for the ideology preventing its adoption or implementation. African socialism faced opposition due to the following. First it is an unreal theory which cannot be implemented as it is. Most of the socialist principles were borrowed from the Marxist-Leninist school of thought. The socialist ideology is not adopted in the same way it was advocated by Marx and other socialist thinkers. Secondly and closely related to the first is improper implementation. African socialism faced rejection due to improper implementation. Few people were in charge of wealth distribution and formulation of policies such as taxation. Thus the notion that the masses or the people have control over the nation’s wealth is a fallacy. Thirdly is that African socialism is economically inefficient. The lack of a self regulating labour market, private ownership of capital and a free financial market affects the economy negatively. Entrepreneurs and foreign investors are discouraged from investing in the economy. This leaves a country economically underdeveloped. This is the case with most socialist countries. Another pitfall of African socialism is no real increase in standard of living. African socialism does not raise the standards of living but lowers it instead. This is because the income of the rich is reduced making them fall closer to the level of the poor. It only reduces the gap between the rich and the poor but does not improve the standards of living in the society. Lastly is that socialism promotes laziness and incompetence among members of society. This is because of the social security system in socialist states that takes care of those with no income. Such provisions by the government deter people from working hard to earn their livelihood. This equally affects the hard working members who feel dissatisfied as they are not rewarded for their toil. Their toil goes to taking care of those who don’t work. Such a system impacts productivity and hence economic growth negatively. REFERENCES Batsa, K. (1965). African Socialism. The Labour Monthly , 514-517. Martin, G. (2012). African Political Thought. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Nyerere, J. K. (1977). Ujamaa-Essays on Socialism. USA: Oxford University Press. William H. Friedland, C. G. (1964). African Socialism. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Page | 1

Its Not Hard to Make Decisions When You Know What Your Values Are Essa

It's Not Hard to Make Decisions When You Know What Your Values Are Roy Disney explains that "It's not hard to make decisions when you know what your values are." This is an important theme for the characters of Stephen Dedalus from James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and of Frank McCourt from Frank McCourt's Angela's Ashes. The two things in life that are supposed to supply stability (parents and the church) have failed, which is why Stephen and Frank discover that only through their own self-reliance will they ever be able to experience true freedom from the forces that have bound them. Stephen's parents let him down by not emotionally supporting him while Frank's parents do not physically support him. Right before Stephen leaves to go to the university, his father shouts out to his siblings, "Is your lazy bitch of a brother gone out yet?" (135). Stephen's father shows a lack of respect for his son by calling him lazy and goes on to imply that he is not very masculine. His father belittles him in front of his family and does not even apologize for his harsh words. Stephen's mother also disappoints him as "he had watched the faith which was fading down in his soul aging and strengthening in her eyes" (126). Stephen sees his mother choosing religion over him. His mother decides to trust the Catholic Church rather than her own son, which shows that her support is not toward Stephen. Through his parents' lack of emotional support, Stephen must look inside himself for strength. Frank's parents support him emotionally, but they do not adequately provide the support he needs physically. Angela "hopes [Malachy] might bring home something from the farm, potatoes, cabbage, turnips, carrots, but he'll never bring ... ...m from the church, his nation, and even his family. However, Frank soon breaks away from his family and even claims, "If my whole family dropped from the hunger I wouldn't touch this money in the post office" (333). The only ticket out of his miserable life is to save up money and move to America. Frank is finally able to put his own welfare above the expectations of his society. It is through the suppression of his individuality that forces Frank to disconnect himself from the bonds of his society. Stephen and Frank are able to gain the courage and strength to leave Ireland and their former lives behind them due to the lack of dependability provided by their parents and the Catholic Church. From the adversity that they must overcome in their lives, Stephen and Frank are both able to achieve true freedom from the limitations that have held them down for so long.

Comparing Gotma to Siddhartha Essay

Siddhartha and Govinda both begin their journeys searching after the same goal, to find themselves and attain nirvana. They travel many of the same paths but each thinks differently in their situations. But while Siddhartha eventually reaches Nirvana, Govinda does not because he never learns to absorb what is around him and learn from life like Siddhartha does but mistakenly tries to find peace through other peoples lives. Even from the beginning you can see distinct differences in the mind set between Siddhartha and Gotma, one as a thinker and one as a follower. Siddhartha had grown uneasy in his state as a Brahman’s son. The riches of his lifestyle babied him too much and blocked him from the real world. He wanted to go off on his own and experience and find himself. Siddhartha is a Scientific thinker, his brain is always wanting and explanation and continues to ask questions and at this point his maturing mind is starting to doubt the Brahman and Hindu ways. The repetitious ways of the daily prayers and rituals seemed an unreal way to finding nirvana. Something that never changes cannot lead higher, it always stays at the same level. So when a group of samanas passes through town he joined their lead, wanting to experience their lives and to learn from them. Everyone was shocked at his decision; Govinda knew not what to say, and Siddhartha’s father became enraged at first thought, but later admits something very important to Siddhartha. â€Å"You will go to the forest and be a samana. If you find salvation in the forest, come and teach me salvation. If you find disappointment, then come back and let us once more sacrifice to the gods together.† His father has never reached the goal he has sought after his whole life, even now as an old man, and he understands that Siddhartha must leave for himself. The next morning Siddhartha leaves early and finds his friend, Govinda, waiting to go with him. This is the first true sign of Govinda’s misconception of how to find himself. Govinda only goes because his friend thinks it will be good. He did not think over in his mind and decide if it was truly right for him. So they wandered and learned from the samanas. Siddhartha had learned self-denial and meditation but started to doubt if they were progressing anywhere in their search for salvation. The Samana teachings were nothing more than trickery, magic and self- control all of which can be taught. None of these qualities would lead even a step towards salvation because you are never learning something new; it is purely a way to keep your mind occupied and content. He even compares drunkenness to the samana teachings. It is just another escape, a way to leave yourself and forget all life’s pains. Even their samsara leader had never attained nirvana so how would they ever get there either following him. Word comes of a great man, Gotma, who had reached nirvana. Surprising to Siddhartha, Govinda decides to seek out the illustrious one. Although Siddhartha has his doubts he is curious and travels with Govinda to listen to the Buddha. After hearing the teachings of the Buddha the simple and accepting Gotma immediately joins as his disciple. But Siddhartha comes to a realization here. He knows that the Buddha has reached nirvana but sees the difference between teaching and experience. The teachings of the Buddha were not for him, they were for the suffering, the weak, a comfort zone which numbs people from the harsh realities and allows them to live in a false contentment. Even the Buddha himself knows this; he is just trying to help the masses that are not as clever as Siddhartha. Siddhartha now sees that experience is the only way to gain knowledge and goes out into the world to try it all. For many years of his life after he tries many new lives. From Kamala, a young courtesan, he learns about Physical love. He learns to become a merchant and indulge in the pleasures of a wealthy life. He lived on many years like this and grows old and worn but finds it is all a false happiness. After everything he obtained he is still discontent. The women, clothes, wine; all do nothing for the mind. He abandons it all and runs away into the forest and falls asleep beside the river, wishing to die. Here he meets Govinda again for the first time since he had joined the Buddha. And Siddhartha saw that Govinda had not changed. Govinda was still blindly following in Buddha’s steps, doing the rituals and living under his ways. Vasuedeva the ferryman is very important to developing Siddhartha. He never tries to teach Siddhartha but hints at where to look. Vasudeva says that it seems as though the river has spoken to him and suggests that he stay with him beside the water. It is through Vasudeva that he realizes the symbolism of the river to life. Life is always flowing, changing but always there and continuing on. Even later on when Siddhartha gains and loses his son he again sees the cycle of life in the river. In grief for his loss he cries into the river and catches a glimpse of his reflection. In it he sees himself, his father, and his young son. Siddhartha sees the pain that his father must have felt when he left as a boy is the same as when his own son ran away. Although he tried otherwise, the same trials and pains he left behind are recurring again and again. He finally sees the true cycle of life. Siddhartha comes to realize that the whole world, everything, is one. We are born of our mothers, live our lives and eventually die, then decompose in the dirt. Trees grow up from the dirt and produce fruit, which is eaten by man and animals alike. The air we breathe is recycled and breathed back in by plants. Everything is made of the same particles that have been around since the beginning of time. The world is constantly changing: destroying, creating, and reforming every molecule into something new. So we are a part of that, apart of everything. Rebirth is made within yourself and what you choose to change. Siddhartha experienced many lifestyles all of which he learned from and his decisions to move forward and change was his renewal. And in the end he comes to see that you must let go of your self and your needs completely and love and appreciate everything because it is all one. Govinda appears once more when he asks the ferryman, now Siddhartha, to take him across the river. Once Govinda realizes it is Siddhartha he presses him to know too how to Nirvana. Siddhartha tries to explain that you cannot search for nirvana it must come to you. Nirvana is not one thing but everything you experience in life and if you are trying only to find nirvana everything around you will be missed and wisdom and understanding cannot be found. But even after Siddhartha’s speech Govinda did not understand, he still could not comprehend what Siddhartha was trying to convey. Nirvana cannot be reached only through writings and other teachings. These things can lead you down the path but it can bring you only so far because it is all feelings and discoveries that others have achieved through their own life. Writings can only convey part of the message because you cannot produce in words your experience and have another understand every aspect of the way you felt. That is how your mind dealt and reacted to that situation. Can you tell someone exactly how good jamoca almond fudge ice cream is? They can tell you how it tasted to them, but can they interpret the exact sense it will have on your tongue? Can you truly understand how much you would like it unless you have tasted some yourself? Some may think it’s too strong, some may not like almonds, some might like vanilla better, and everyone will have their own opinion and slight difference. Life is the same way. Govinda never reached his goal because his whole life he was searching in others lives. First he followed Siddhartha with the Samanas then leaves the samanas by his own choice, only to follow another. And in the end he comes back to Siddhartha with one last desperate plea to try and understand. He never learned anything about himself because he was blinded by the belief that someone else could show him how. Everyone must decide for himself or herself what they do with their life, for following only leads you down another minds path away from your own awakening.